Studied by 44 peoplewhat is community-based nursing
caring for individuals, families, or groups where they live, work, or go to school
which form of care is setting specific: community health or community based nursing
community based nursing
who is the primary client for community based nursing
individual and family
what type of services are provided in community based nursing
direct services with an emphasis on managing acute and chronic illnesses
what is community health nursing
promotes and preserves the health of the whole population
who is the primary client in community health nursing
community
what type of services are provided in community health nursing
direct and indirect
what is primary prevention
health promotion and eliminating risk factors
what are examples of primary prevention
vaccines, seat belts
what is secondary prevention
early detection and intervention
what are examples of secondary prevention
screenings such as mammograms or STD testing
what is tertiary prevention
long term management and rehab
what are examples of tertiary prevention
physical therapy
what does the health belief model focus on
how the individual perceives their own health
is the health belief model a microscopic or macroscopic view
microscopic
what is a limitation of the health belief model
places all responsibility on the patient rather than examining the root cause
what is thinking upstream
examining the origin of the disease and focusing on preventing it rather than treating it
what does the web of causation depict
the complexity of relationships between different factors and how health is affected
what are the 3 components of the epidemiological triangle
host, agent, environment
what is the principal of the epidemiological triangle
if one factor is taken away, you eliminate transmission
what is the agent
etiological factor
what is an example of a nutritive agent
too much cholesterol leads to atherosclerosis, too little vitamin C leads to scurvy
what is an example of a chemical agent
vaping, asbestos
what is an example of a physical agent
repetitive motions causing carpal tunnel
what is an example of an infectious agent
bacteria, virus
what is the host
intrinsic factors such as genetics or age that affect ones susceptibility or response to an agent
what is the environment
extrinsic factors that influence the existence of the agent such as physical environment
what does the wheel model of human-environment interaction state
biological, social, and environmental factors all impact the host
person, place, and time model: person
who factors such as demographics and health
person, place, and time model: place
where factors such as geographic location and climate
person, place, and time model: time
when factors such as month or year
what is incidence
new cases
what is prevalence
total cases
what do descriptive epidemiological methods looks at
amount and distribution of health problems to identify a pattern
what do analytic models of epidemiology look at
focus on the cause of the disease
what is an observational study
no manipulation, just observation
what is a cross-sectional/correlational study
look at relationships between factors and outcomes
what is a retrospective study
compares a group with the disease to those without, goes back in time to see what happened
what is a prospective study
follows a group without the condition over time to see if they get the disease
what is an experimental study
randomized clinical trial to determine cause and effect
how does one complete a windshield survery
walk or drive around an area to make observations and identify possible areas of concern
what is vital statisitic
contains birth, death, marriage, divorce, and adoption records
what is census data
massive survey every 10 years that shows how an area has changed over time
what is the goal of the health planning model
improve aggregate health
what are the components of the health planning model
assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation
what is the goal of the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework
assess health and quality of life issues
P: PRECEDE-PROCEED
predisposing factors
what are predisposing factors
knowledge and behaviors that affect ones willingness to change
R: PRECEDE-PROCEED
reinforcing factors
what are reinforcing factors
positive or negative effects of adopting a new behavior
E: PRECEDE-PROCEED
enabling factors
what are enabling factors
an environment or community that facilitates or presents obstacles to change
PROCEED
policy, regulatory, organizational construct in educational and environmental development
what is the purpose of case management
collaborative care to manage healthcare and improve functioning for the client
what is primary care
first line/point of access care controlled by providers and focused on the individual
who has access to chronic care management
patients with 2 or more chronic conditions that put them at a high risk of functional decline or death within the next 12 months
what is transitional care
face-to-face visits and coordination of care services with clients following their discharge
what is the goal of transitional care
decrease re-hospitalizations
what is patient centered medical home care
uses case management to provide comprehensive, patient centered, and high quality primary care
how did the patient protection and affordable care act increase health care coverage
requires all citizens to have health care coverage and prohibiting insurance companies from denying coverage to those with pre-existing conditions
what age did the patient protection and affordable care act allow coverage-dependent adults to remain on their parent's health care
26
what is policy based on
values
what is the first step in shifting policy
identifying a problem
what is the focus of private healthcare
individuals
what is the goal of private health care
prevention and treatment of disease
what is central to public health care
economics
what is the goal of public health care
prevention of disease and promoting public health
who is the focus of the public health system
populations
who directs the public health system
federal government
what is the major finding of "to err is human"
medical errors are the fault of system errors not humans
what are the recommendations for reducing medical errors
accreditation, use of information technology such as EMR
what does accreditation do
assess and specify standards and quality of services
future of nursing report reccomendations
nurses should practice to full extent and pursue higher education, partner with other health professionals, and that data collection needs to be improved to make policy making more effective
what is the role of the agency for healthcare research and quality
federal organization to improve safety and quality of the healthcare system
what is a health disparity
difference in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to healthcare among different populations
responsibilities of the local health department
public health services, protection of citizens, monitoring health status and needs, control of disease and environmental services
how is medicare funded
federally through taxes
who qualifies for medicare
65 or older, disabled, ALS, or end stage renal disease
what does medicare part A cover
hospitalizations, some hospice and home health
what does medicare part B cover
durable medical equipment
what does medicare part C cover
gap coverage for dental, vision, and hearing
what does medicare part D cover
prescription drugs
who determines eligibility for medicaid
states
what is medicaid welfare coverage based on
size and income of family
what kind of clients is medicaid for
children and those in poverty (indigent)
what does medicaid cover
hospitalizations, vaccines, family planning, home health, labs
what is an indemnity plan
very expensive, but covers all cost of service and patient can choose any provider
what is an HMO plan
only covers necessary services, preventative care is covered while specialty care is restricted, lacks freedom of choice
which health plan requires a referral
HMO
what is a PPO plan
patient chooses health care from within their plans network of providers
what is a POS plan
pt pays upfront before insurance kicks in, if they go out of network they will cover a majority of the costs
what is an HDHO plant
lower premium, higher deductible, so pt ends up "shopping around" for the cheapest healthcare
are minority populations increasing for decreasing
increasing
what does the naturalistic perspective state
there must be a balance and when there is not illness arises
what is an example of the naturalistic perspective
yin-yang
what is the basis of the magico-religious perspective
spiritual and supernatural realm
what is an example of the magico-religious perspective
voodoo and witchcraft
what is the basis of the biomedical perspective
cause and effect, body functions mechanically, all things can be measured and observed
what are the components of leiningers theory of culture care diversity and universality
culture care preservation and maintenance, accommodation and negotiation, repatterining and restructuring
what is the following an example of: pt is about to pass and one of their desires is to open the window, so the nurse agrees to open the window
culture care preservation and maintenance
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