Unit 9: Protein Synthesis
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32 Terms
What does "RNA" stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
What does "DNA" stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What are the bases of RNA?
AU and CG
What are the bases for DNA?
AT and CG
What are proteins made of?
Amino Acids
What are amino acids joined together by?
Polypeptide Chains
Where does transcription occur in?
Nucleus
Where does translation occur in?
Cytoplasm/ Ribosome
In transcription, what does DNA transcribe into?
mRNA
In translation, what does mRNA translate into?
Protein
What determines the genetic characteristics of an organism?
DNA
RNA has what type of bases instead of Thymine?
Uracil
What type of sugar does RNA have?
Ribose Sugar
3 bases on DNA
Triplet
3 bases on mRNA
codon
3 bases on tRNA
anticodon
What are the 4 main categories of mutagens?
Chemicals, Radiation, Viruses, Spontaneous Errors
What is a mutagen?
something that can cause a mutation
Can organisms purposefully mutate?
NO! Mutations are RANDOM!
Mutation in which one (or more) base is swapped for another, but the total length of the gene stays the same
substitution
Mutation where bases are removed
Deletion
Mutation where bases are added
Insertion
When a mutation occurs, but the amino acid sequence remains the same, what effect is this?
Silent mutation
When a mutation causes a different amino acid to be included in the sequence, this is what effect?
Missense mutation
When a mutation causes the codon sequence to be shifted from the original, what effect does this have?
Frameshift mutation
When a mutation causes a stop codon to be reached early, what effect does this have?
Nonsense mutation
Start Codon
AUG
Stop Codons (3)
UAA, UAG, UGA
Name 3 ways RNA is different than DNA
RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and uses uracil instead of thymine.
What is the LAST step of making a protein truly functional?
Protein Folding
What type of bond is between amino acids?
Peptide bond
How many amino acids are there?
There are 20 standard amino acids that are used to build proteins in the human body.
Note 
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