BIOL 319 lab 2 tamu

Compact bone

Looks smooth and homogenous

Spongy bone

Composed of small trabeculae of bone and lots of open spaces

How can you classify the different bones based on their gross anatomy?

Long, short, flat, and irregular

Long bones

Longer than they are wide and generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end. Long bones are primarily composed of compact bone

Short bones

Typically cube-shaped and contain more spongy bone than compact bone

Flat bones

Generally thin with two wafer-like layers of compact bone between a layer of spongy bone between them

Irregular bones

Do not fit into the above categories due to their irregular morphology

Major bones of the cranium

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla and mandible

Sutures

Areas where the cranial bones have joined together

Why must the cranium remain flexible?

1. Ability to more easily move through the vaginal canal during childbirth.

2. As the brain grows, the cranium must be able to expand to accommodate for this growth.

Hyoid bone

Does not articulate with any other bone, rather, many muscles originate or insert into the hyoid bone

What is the mnemonic device to remember the cranial nerves?

Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

I. Olfactory nerve

II. Optic nerve

III. Oculomotor nerve

IV. Trochlear nerve

V. Trigeminal nerve

VI. Abducens nerve

VII. Facial nerve

VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve

IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve

X. Vagus nerve

XI. Spinal accessory nerve

XII. Hypoglossal nerve

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous membrane, that covers the compact bone surface and appears shiny and glossy

The periosteum is composed of what two layers?

An outer fibrous layer where muscle tendons and bone ligaments attach; An inner cellular layer that produces the osteoblasts needed for bone growth and repair

Long bone anatomy

Have a lone central shaft called the daphysis, with an epiphysis on each end.

Proximal epiphysis on long bones

Superior end of the diaphysis

Distal epiphysis on long bones

On the inferior end of the diaphysis

Articular cartilage

Occurs wherever an epiphysis articulates with another bone, there is this layer of hyaline cartilage

Marrow (medullary) cavity

The hollow interior of the diaphysis

Endosteum

Lines the marrow cavity

Metaphysis

Between the diaphysis and either epiphysis

In a juvenile's bone, the metaphysis is called the __________ ____________

epiphyseal cartilage

What is the bony remnant of the growth plate called

epiphyseal line

Cortex

The collective layers of compact bone

Dipole

The spongy bone between the tables

External and Internal tables

The individual layers of compact bone

Red marrow

Type of loose connective tissue made up of stem cells that produces most blood cells

Tuberosity

large rounded projection

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Process

any bony prominence

Head

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle

Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa

Ramus

armlike bar of bone

Foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Groove

furrow

Fissure

Narrow, slit-like opening

Notch

indentation at the edge of a structure

Fossa

Shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Meatus

canal-like passageway

Sinus

Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

What passes through the olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate?

Olfactory nerve I

What passes through the optic canal?

Optic nerve II

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

Oculomotor nerve III, trochlear nerve IV, ophthalmic division V1 of trigeminal nerve V and abducens nerve VI

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

Maxillary division V2 of trigeminal nerve V

What passes through the foramen ovale?

Mandibular division V3 of trigeminal nerve V

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

No structure passes through because it is covered by a membrane in adults

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

middle meningeal artery

What passes through the carotid canal?

internal carotid artery

What passes through the internal auditory meatus?

Facial nerve VII, vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

What passes through the jugular foramen?

Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, spinal accessory nerve XI

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

hypoglossal nerve XII

What passes through the supraorbital foramen?

supraorbital artery and nerve

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?

Maxillary division V2 of the trigeminal nerve V, zygomatic nerve and blood vessels

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

Infraorbital nerve (a branch of V2)

What passes through the mental foramen?

Blood vessels and branches of trigeminal nerve V, mandibular division V3

What passes through the foramen magnum?

spinal cord

What passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

facial nerve VII

What passes through the mandibular foramen?

alveolar nerve

What passes through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae?

Vertebral arteries

What passes through the costal groove?

Neurovascular bundle

How to identify a male or female skull

Male: sloping forehead and rounded skull contour, large brow ridge, robust occiput, large mastoid, ramus flexure.

Female: vertical forehead, straight ramus, small mastoid, rounded occiput.

What are the 5 types of certebrae?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

What articulations are in cervical vertebrae?

Bifid spinous process and a transverse foramen

What do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

The ribs and this articulation limits flexion in the thorax

The articular processes of thoracic vertebrae are directed _________ and __________, thus decreasing flexion and extension in the thorax.

anterior, posterior

The articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae are directed _______ and _________ thus limiting rotation in the lower spine.

medially, laterally

At ______, the spinal cord proper stops and becomes hanging "roots". This is called what?

L1, cauda equina

Where is a spinal tap performed?

Between L3 and L4 in order to avoid hitting the spinal cord

The sacrum is made up of _____ fused vertebrae

5

What does the sacral foramina transmit?

blood vessels and spinal nerves to the lower body

What is the coccyx?

The tail bone; made up of four fused vertebrae

The inferior articular process of a vertebra articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below it.

(memorize this)

Kyphosis

humpback; an overcurvature of the thoracic vertebrae

Lordosis

The inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical vertebrae

Scoliosis

A side to side curvature of the spine

Atlas

C1; first cervical vertebrae; there is no body, has large vertebral foramen, articulates with the skull, has no spinous process

Axis

C2; second cervical vertebrae; turns head laterally and medially

What comprises the thoracic cage?

sternum and 12 pairs of ribs

Sernum

breastbone; comprised of manubrium, the sternal body, and the inferior xiphoid process

Sternal angle

Where the manubrium articulates with the sternal body

Clavicular notch

Where the manubrium articulates with the clavicle

The xiphoid process is completely ossified by _________ ___________

late adulthood

Costal cartilage

Attaches the ribs to the sternum and is somewhat flexible allowing for expansion of the rib cage during inhalation

The first 7 pairs of ribs

true ribs; costal cartilage attaches directly to the sternum

Rib pairs 8-12

False ribs; their costal cartilage does not connect to the sternum

Rib pairs 11 and 12

floating ribs; subset of false ribs, do not articulate with the sternum and serve little use other than protection of the kidneys

Each rib has a _______ with two _________ __________ for articulating with the costal facets of the thoracic vertebra

head, articular facets

The __________ of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebra

tubercle

The ________ _________ runs on the inferior border of the inner face of all ribs and carries a neurovascular bundle

costal groove