Western Civilization Since 1648 (HIST-1600) Ch. 15

Louis XIV asserted his authority over the Marquis of Canillac and other nobles who acted independently by:

Trying and convicting them in courts of law.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that:

Allowed rulers to govern by divine right and according to their own will.

The theory of absolutism became popular in the seventeenth century in response to:

A desire for order after the chaos and war of the previous century.

Absolute monarchs developed all of the following institutions to enhance their power EXCEPT:

Representative legislative bodies.

Which European government developed into an autocracy in the early modern period?

Russia.

To achieve the goal of absolutist rule, ______ was an absolute necessity.

A strong, centralized, loyal bureaucracy

The most important opponents of royal absolutism were:

Nobles.

Louis XIV used the palace of Versailles to:

Demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility.

Louis XIV endeavored to control potential rebellions among the noble class by:

Insisting that all nobles spend part of the year with Louis at Versailles.

The court culture at Versailles was ordered by:

Incredibly detailed rules of etiquette.

Louis XIV recruited members of the ______ to work as royal intendants.

Bourgeoisie

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as:

Highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

In general, the religious policies of Louis XIV aimed to:

Impose religious unity upon all French people.

Louis XIV persecuted some Catholic sects in France because some, like the:

Quietists and Jansenists, diminished the role of priests as mediators of the faith.

The royal finance minister who increased revenues in France during the reign of Louis XIV was:

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, was a confirmed mercantilist who believed that France's wealth would increase if it:

Reduced its imports and increased its exports.

The wars of Louis XIV:

Were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

Under the reign of Louis XIV, French colonies dominated the:

Sugar trade.

The most profitable French colonies were located in:

The Caribbean.

Slaves working on sugar plantations in the French Caribbean accounted for the livelihoods of approximately ______ of the French population.

1/25th

In England, Charles II triggered a crisis not unlike that produced by his father's rule when he:

Began modeling his kingship on the absolutism of Louis XIV.

The popular name for those who opposed Charles II's move toward absolutism was:

Whigs.

James II of England angered his critics and set off a national crisis when he:

And his second wife, Mary of Modena, had a son: a Catholic heir to the throne.

The Act of Toleration of 1689 granted:

Protestant dissenters the right to worship freely in England.

During the Glorious Revolution, violence broke out to protest:

James II's support of Catholicism and his absolutist policies.

England's Glorious Revolution created the necessary climate to increase the power of the:

Commercial classes.

In his "Two Treatises of Government," John Locke argued that:

Legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

The governmental system used by the United Provinces in the Netherlands throughout the seventeenth century was a(n):

Republic.

The real political authority in the Dutch Republic lay with:

Powerful merchants.

The new diplomatic goal that emerged in western and central Europe in the mid-seventeenth century was:

Balance of power politics.

The War of the Spanish Succession broke out when:

Louis XIV's grandson succeeded to the Spanish throne.

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by:

Giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

The outcomes of the War of the Spanish Succession made clear that military dominance in Europe lay with the:

English Navy.

The balance of power in central and eastern Europe was reshaped at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries because of the loss of power of:

The Ottoman Empire.

Absolutism was difficult for the Habsburgs to achieve in the Holy Roman Empire because:

The Holy Roman Empire was made up of many individual states that ruled in their own interests.

Ottoman power in southeastern Europe declined rapidly after the Ottomans:

Failed to capture the Habsburg capital of Vienna.

After the collapse of the Ottoman empire, Austria's main rival in central Europe was:

Brandenburg-Prussia.

Frederick William I made Prussia strong by:

Exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army.

In general, the centralization of state power in eastern Europe came at the expense of the:

Freedom of peasants.

Peter the Great's authority to rule Russia was threatened during the early part of his reign by:

An attempt to depose him and place his half sister on the throne.

In general, the policies of Peter the Great of Russia included:

The introduction of Western ideas and customs.

The Russian Table of Ranks reordered the class system in Russia to be, from lowest to highest:

Landlord, administrative, military.

The purpose of reorganizing class structure in Russia by creating the Table of Ranks was to:

Strengthen the war machine in Russia by luring nobles into military service.

Russian peasants were:

Legally the property of their landlords.

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to:

Secure year-round ports for Russia.

Under the reign of Peter the Great, Russian colonization efforts were directed toward:

Central Asia.

After securing a foothold on the Gulf of Finland, Peter the Great built a capital there named:

Saint Petersburg.

Peter the Great's victory against Sweden in the Great Northern War resulted in Russian ports on the:

Baltic Sea, which facilitated a lucrative grain trade.

The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of:

Nystad.

The newly efficient taxation systems in many European realms of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries paid for many expenses, but by far the most expensive expenditure made by states was:

War.

T/F: In the late seventeenth century, European wars almost always had a colonial aspect.

True.

T/F: The absolute monarchs ruled only with the consent of their nobles and people.

True.

T/F: French intendants usually served in the region in which they were born.

False.

T/F: The Estates-General in France never met during the reign of Louis XIV.

True.

T/F: While Louis XIV persecuted Huguenots in his realm mercilessly, all Catholics enjoyed similar rights and freedoms.

False.

T/F: In spite of Jean-Baptiste Colbert's efforts, Louis XIV left France's finances in ruins.

True.

T/F: French colonies in North America were largely self-sustaining.

False.

T/F: All governments in Europe strove to be absolutist over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

False.

T/F: "Tories" was a nickname for the supporters of King Charles II.

True.

T/F: The Glorious Revolution occurred completely without bloodshed.

False.

T/F: Unlike many places in Europe during the seventeenth century, there was a high degree of religious tolerance in the Dutch Republic.

True.

T/F: The League of Augsburg united Holland, England, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, the Rhine, the Palatinate, and the Austrian Habsburgs against Louis XIV.

True.

T/F: The "Junkers" were a group of enserfed peasants in Prussia.

False.

T/F: The Rurik dynasty ruled Russia after the death of Ivan the Terrible.

False.

T/F: The degree of social mobility in all absolutist states was extremely low.

False.