9.3-g12-t2

Cyclins are __________ that regulate the cell cycle by binding to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

Proteins

The primary function of spindle fibers is to __________ chromosomes at the centromeres during mitosis.

Attach to

In prophase, the nuclear envelope __________ to allow spindle fibers to interact with the chromosomes.

Breaks down

The G₂ checkpoint checks for __________ and ensures DNA has been accurately replicated before mitosis.

DNA damage

Cancer is characterized by the __________ growth and division of cells that stop responding to cell cycle controls.

Uncontrolled

Carcinogens are substances that can lead to __________ by causing mutations in DNA.

Cancer

Apoptosis is the process of __________ that occurs in damaged or potentially cancerous cells.

Programmed cell death

Embryonic stem cells are __________ cells that can develop into a wide variety of specialized cells.

Undifferentiated

Adult stem cells are more __________ than embryonic stem cells and are used for tissue maintenance and repair.

Specialized

During telophase, the nuclear envelope __________ around each set of separated chromosomes, forming two nuclei.

Re-forms

The M checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are __________ properly before the cell proceeds to anaphase.

Attached and aligned

If the G₁ checkpoint fails, the cell may enter a __________ state instead of continuing in the cell cycle.

Resting (G₀)