History 6.4-6.8

Uprising of 1857

Angry sepoys rose up against their British officers in what the British called the Sepoy Rebellion. Several sepoy regiments, joined by other Indian leaders, marched off to Delhi, the old Mughal capital, where they hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader. In some places, the sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. The British soon rallied and crushed the revolt, taking terrible revenge for their earlier losses by torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians. The uprising left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides. In 1858, Parliament ended the rule of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown.

British East India Company main goal

The East India Company’s main goal in India was to make money, and leading officials often grew rich. In pursuit of this goal, the company also worked to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce banditry.

What customs did Britain ban in India

The British worked to improve the position of women within the family. One law banned sati, a custom practiced mainly by the upper classes which called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre. The East India Company also passed a law that allowed widows to remarry.

Cash crops in India

Britain transformed Indian agriculture by encouraging nomadic herders to settle into farming and pushed farmers to grow cash crops, such as cotton, that could be sold on the world market. Clearing new farmlands led to massive deforestation, or cutting of trees, and other environmental destruction. Indian landowners and princes grew rich from exporting cash crops.

Thomas Macaulay

In an essay on whether Indians should be taught in English or their own languages, British historian Thomas Macaulay arrogantly wrote that "a single shelf of a good European library is worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia". This view of Indian civilization was commonly accepted in Britain and elsewhere in Europe.

Indian National Congress

By the late 1800s, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which became known as the Congress party. At first, members called for reforms in British rule, but over time, they called for greater democracy, which they felt should allow Indians to help rule the country. The Indian National Congress looked forward to eventual self-rule but supported Western-style modernization. Some members of the party began to call on Indians to boycott British goods in favor of Indian-made products.

Which Indian traditions did Ram Mohun Roy oppose

Roy condemned some traditions, such as rigid caste distinctions, child marriage, sati, and purdah, the isolation of women in separate quarters.

Downside of British introducing medical technology and farming techniques to India

The British introduced medical improvements as new farming methods increased food production. The result was rapid population growth. The rising numbers put a strain on the food supply, especially as farmland was turned over to growing cash crops instead of food. In the late 1800s, terrible famines swept India.

Muslim League

Muslim elites grew anxious that their interests were not being represented by the Congress party and worried that a government run by a Hindu majority would oppress Muslims. In 1906, a group of Muslim leaders formed the Muslim League to protect the rights and interests of Muslims in India. The Muslim League initially favored British rule, but before long, it called for self-rule, as well as for Muslim-Hindu unity to achieve this goal. Eventually, by 1930, members of the league began talking of a separate Muslim country.

Benefits to India of British rule

British rule brought some degree of peace and order to the countryside. Railroads helped Indians move around the country, while the telegraph and postal system improved communication. Greater contact helped Indians bridge regional differences and develop a sense of national unity. The upper classes, especially, benefited from some British policies; they sent their sons to British schools, where they were trained for posts in the civil service and military.

Title of head British official in India

After 1858, a British viceroy in India governed in the name of the queen.

Meiji Constitution based on what country

After studying the governments of various European countries, the Meiji reformers "adapted the German model." In 1889, the emperor issued the Meiji constitution which set forth the principle that all citizens were equal before the law, but "gave the emperor autocratic, or unlimited, power".

Result of the Treaty of Nanjing

Under the Treaty of Nanjing, Britain received a huge indemnity (payment for losses in the war) and the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens extraterritoriality (the right to live under their own laws). Finally, the treaty included a "most favored nation" clause.

Sino-Japanese War

In 1894, pressure on China led to the Sino-Japanese War. It ended in disaster for China, with Japan "gaining Korea and the island of Taiwan." Japan used its victory to gain treaty ports in China and showed that it had joined the Western powers in the race for empire.

Zaibatsu

To get industries started, the Japanese government sold factories to wealthy business families who developed them further. These "powerful banking and industrial families were known as zaibatsu."

Who divided Samoa

As their rivalry increased, the United States, Germany, and Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa.

How did Japanese government start new industries

To get industries started, the government typically "built factories and then sold them to wealthy business families who developed them further."

Year France lost control of Canada

France lost Canada to Britain in 1763.

Korean nationalist movement against Japan

Nine years after annexation, a nonviolent protest against the Japanese began on March 1, 1919. The Japanese crushed the uprising and massacred many Koreans, but the March First Movement became a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists.

Country granted limited trading rights by the Tokugawa

The Tokugawa closed Japan to foreigners, but their "only window on the world was through Nagasaki, where the Dutch were allowed very limited trade".

Monroe Doctrine

American President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. It declared that "The American continents… are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers".

Britain had 1 power over Canada until 1900

As a dominion (created in 1867), Canada had its own parliament and maintained close ties with Britain. The text notes that "By 1900, Canada also controlled its own foreign policy," implying Britain held this power previously.

They were called the Spice Islands

The Moluccas were known as the Spice Islands.

French Indochina

The French eventually seized all of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The West referred to these holdings as French Indochina.

Peonage system

In the peonage system, "hacienda owners would give workers advances on their wages and require them to stay on the hacienda until they had paid back what they owed." Wages remained low, and workers were rarely able to repay the debt.

Japanese economic growth under the Tokugawas

During the isolation of the Tokugawa period, the economy expanded, "especially internal commerce." Farm output grew, and "bustling cities sprang up".

Number dead in Taiping Rebellion

It is estimated that more than 20 million Chinese died in the fighting.

Three Principles of the People

Sun Yixian organized the Revolutionary Alliance to rebuild China on the "Three Principles of the People." The first was nationalism (freeing China from foreign domination), the second was democracy (representative government), and the third was livelihood (economic security for all Chinese).

Regionalism

With few roads and no tradition of unity, new Latin American nations were "weakened by regionalism, or loyalty to a local area."

How Siam avoided becoming a colony

Siam escaped becoming a European colony "partly because its rulers did not underestimate Western power and avoided incidents that might provoke invasion." Additionally, "both Britain and France saw the advantage of making Siam a buffer, or neutral zone, between their colonies."

Guang Xu

In 1898, a "young emperor, Guang Xu (gwahng shoo), launched the Hundred Days of Reform." New laws were set out to "modernize the civil service exams, streamline government, and encourage new industries."

Replaced Spain as leading trading partners with Latin America

"Britain and the United States rushed into the new markets, replacing Spain as Latin America’s chief trading partners."

Who urged Britain to make Canada into a confederation

As the country grew, "two Canadians, John Macdonald and George-Etienne Cartier, urged confederation, or unification, of British settlements in North America."

Main reason why Britain granted self rule to Australia 1901

"Britain worried about interference from other imperialist European powers. To counter this threat and to boost development, it responded to Australian demands for self-rule."2 developments in late 1700’s that changed the West’s relationship with China

Benito Juarez

Benito Juárez was a liberal reformer of "Zapotec Indian heritage" who "offered hope to the oppressed people of Mexico." He opened an era of reform known as "La Reforma" and revised the constitution to "strip the military of power and end the special privileges of the Church."

When was Japan able to revise unequal treaties with the West

"By the 1890s, Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to revise the unequal treaties."

Chinese scholar-officials objection to Western technology

Scholar-officials disapproved of Western ideas and "saw Western technology as dangerous, too, because it threatened Confucian ways that had served China successfully for so long."

Australia recognized women’s right to vote

"Unlike Britain and the United States, Australia quickly granted women the right to vote."

Modern Burma

The sources identify Burma as "(present-day Myanmar)."

Emilio Aguinaldo

From 1899 to 1901, "Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo (ah gee NAHL doh) battled American forces" after the United States crushed the rebellion and placed the Philippines under American control.

Native Australians were called

Indigenous inhabitants were called "Aborigines, a European word for earliest people to live in a place."

Advice to the shogun after America sent their navy to Japan in 1853

The shogun’s advisers "debated what to do" and concluded that "Japan did not have the ability to defend itself against the powerful United States Navy." Consequently, in the Treaty of Kanagawa, the shogun "agreed to open three Japanese ports to American ships."

Early 1900 Latin American oil producing countries

"By the early 1900s, both Venezuela and Mexico were developing profitable oil industries."

Japanese women in the 1889 constitution

The 1889 constitution "ended legal distinctions between classes," but "Suffrage, or the right to vote, was also limited." Although literacy increased and some women gained an education, "After 1898, Japanese women were forbidden any political participation and legally were placed in the same class as minors."

Hong Xiuquan

"Its leader, Hong Xiuquan (shoh chwahn), was a village teacher who had failed the civil service exams several times. Inspired by religious visions, he set himself up as a revolutionary prophet."

Porfirio Diaz

"General Porfirio Díaz, a hero of the war against the French, used the military to seize power. From 1876 to 1880 and 1884 to 1911, he ruled as a dictator. In the name of 'Order and Progress,' he strengthened the army, local police, and central government."

Trade surplus

"China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported."

Edo renamed

The emperor "moved from Kyoto, the old imperial capital, to the shogun’s palace in Edo, which was renamed Tokyo, or 'eastern capital.'"

Metis

Louis Riel led a "revolt of the métis, people of mixed American Indian and French Canadian descent."

Japan gained Taiwan

The Sino-Japanese War "ended in disaster for China, with Japan gaining Korea and the island of Taiwan."

Self Strengthening Movement

"In the 1860s, reformers launched the 'self-strengthening movement.' They imported Western technology, setting up factories to make modern weapons."

Where did Britain send their convicts to before they sent them to Australia

"During the 1700s, Britain had sent convicts to its North American colonies, especially to Georgia."

Canadian Pacific Railway

"In 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway opened, linking eastern and western Canada. Wherever the railroad went, settlers followed."

1851 Australian Gold Rush

"In 1851, a gold rush in eastern Australia set off a population boom as gold hunters from around the world headed to the island continent."

How the Opium trade disrupted the Chinese economy

"Soon, many Chinese had become addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in payment for the drug, disrupting the economy."

When did Japan take Korea

"In 1910, it annexed Korea outright, absorbing the kingdom into the Japanese empire."

First European settlers to New Zealand

"The first Europeans arrived in New Zealand in the late 1700s. Early settlements were outposts for whalers, seal hunters, and lumbering operations. In 1814, missionaries arrived…"

Panama Canal

The Panama Canal opened in 1914. It was an engineering marvel that boosted American trade and shipping worldwide