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three phases of economic production
Production, exchange, and consumption
Mode of production
Social relations through which human labor is used to transform, energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge is called
Domestic production
following modes of production is characterized by subsistence food-getting, egalitarianism, and labor organized on the basis of kinship
Capitalist production
the three modes of production is the most recent
The three modes of exchange
Reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution
Generalized reciprocity
Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned
General purpose money is
All of the above
Economic anthropologists have studied the results of Westernization around the world, and found that increasing numbers of McDonalds (or other Western commodities) have
Not Westernized people in the ways originally feared, and in some cases have caused a resurgence of local identities
Which of the following is NOT a feature of commodities?
They retain the same value and meaning for their owners from production to consumption
Structure violence
A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs
Legitimacy to rule may be reinforced in which of the following ways
All of the above
Four levels of socio-cultural integration characterized by Elman Service are
Band, tribe, chiefdom, and state
Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?
There's no advantage to hoarding food or having too much personal property
Tribes
Societies that are characterized by groups of people linked by age, gift exchanges, or marriage, a lack of central government, leadership roles that are open to everyone, and egalitarian set of values
Sodality is characterized by
Groups of people in a tribe who are connected by age
Raids
Short-term uses of physical force that are organized to achieve a limited objective such as the acquisition of cattle, wealth, or abduction of women are called
Ranked societies
Societies that have greater differentiation between individuals and their kin groups, resulting in sumptuary rules that permit higher-status individuals to wear distinctive clothing or other decorations
Stratified society
A society in which elites, who are a numerical minority control the strategic resources that sustain life
What is the correct relationship between a state and a nation?
A state is a coercive political institution; nation is an ethnic population
In the film "The Sixth Resettlement" why has the government
The government wants to civilize and modernize the Koo Cong
Matrilocal
Residence pattern in which couple resides wife's mother's family after marriage
Relationships formed through blood connections are called _, while those formed through marriage are called _.
Consanguineal, affinal
Patrilineal
Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side
All of the following are true about matrilineages EXCEPT
They are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than mean
The family in which a person is raised is their family of _, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of _.
Orientation, procreation
Nuclear family
A family of parents in a culturally-recognized relationship, such as marriage, and their minor or dependent children
Endogamy
The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry within a cultural group
Polyandry
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands
Anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to a
Group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support
Dowry
type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife
Reification
The process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated by people that it becomes an unquestioned truth
Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as
Arbitrary and subjective
Lumpers
Scholars who create racial classification schemes that use general categories that span a large geographic area (often continents)
Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that
A certain skin color may be more common in one region than another but the variation is gradual and continuous
Nonconcordant
The anthropological term for a trait that is inherited independently and not bundled together with other traits is
The greatest genetic diversity is between
"Blacks" and other "blacks" on the same continent
When anthropologists say "race is not real" what they mean more accurately is that
Race is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real ins social and cultural ways
Racial formation
The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories
Hypodescent
A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less or least privileged grp
How ethnicity differs from race
An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristic and shared heritage, while race defined groups based on arbitrary physical traits
Gender ideology
The set of ideas about the categories of gender and the beliefs, behaviors, and meanings associated with each gender
All of the ff are true about gender cross culturally EXCEPT
Gender is always binary or dualistic, consisting of males and females
What type of food was discovered to make up the majority of the diet of human forages
Plant foods such as nuts, fruits, and roots
Patriarchal
A Male-dominated political and authority structure and an ideology that privileges male over females overall
Legitimizing ideologies
Complex belief systems often developed by those in power to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality
Transgender
A person whose gender identity does not match their assigned sex at birth, such as a person assigned female at birth who identifies as a man, may self-identify in a binary way
The term cisgender means
A person whose assigned sex at birth matchers their gender identity, such as a person assigned female wat birth who identifies as a woman
Heteronormativity
The often unnoticed system of right and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation
Foraging and horticultural societies
The type of society most likely to recognize women's economic and reproductive contributions as well as more egalitarian...
Cross-culturally and historically, marriages based on free choice and romantic love are
Relatively unusual and recent
Animatism
A religious system organized around a belief in an impersonal supernatural force(Ex. a god)
Animism
A religious system organized around a belief that plants, animals, inanimate objects, or natural phenomena have a spiritual or supernatural element
anthropomorphic
an object or being that has human characteristics
cargo cult
a term sometimes used to describe rituals that seek to attract material prosperity. The term is generally not preferred by anthropologists.
collective effervescence
the passion or energy that arises when groups of people share the same thoughts and emotions.
cosmology
an explanation for the origin or history of the world
Filial Piety
a tradition requiring that the young provide care for the elderly and in some cases ancestral spirits.
magic
practices intended to bring supernatural forces under one's personal control
Monotheistic
religious systems that recognize a single supreme God.
Polytheistic
religious systems that recognize several gods.
Preists
full-time religious practitioners
profane
objects or ideas are ordinary and can be treated with disregard or contempt
Prophet
a person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate divine messages to others.
Reincarnation
the idea that a living being can begin another life in a new body after death
Religion
the extension of human society and culture to include the supernatural
revitalization rituals
attempts to resolve serious problems, such as war, famine or poverty through a spiritual or supernatural intervention
rite of intensification
actions designed to bring a community together, often following a period of crisis.
rites of passage
actions designed to transition individuals between life stages
sacred
objects or ideas are set apart from the ordinary and treated with great respect or care
Preist
a part time religious practitioner who carries out religious rituals when needed, but also participates in the normal work of the community.
sorcerer
an individual who seeks to use magic for his or her own purposes
supernatural
describes entities or forces not governed by natural laws
Zoomorphic
an object or being that has animal characteristics
commodity chain
the series of steps a food takes from location where it is produced to the store where it is sold to consumers
Ethnoscape
the flow of people across boundaries.
Financescape
the flow of money across political borders
Global North
refers to the wealthier countries of the world. The definition includes countries that are sometimes called "First World" or "Highly Developed Economies."
Global South
refers to the poorest countries of the world. The definition includes countries that are sometimes called "Third World" or "Least Developed Economies."
Glocalization
the adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms
Habitus
the dispositions, attitudes, or preferences that are the learned basis for personal "taste" and lifestyles
Ideoscape
the global flow of ideas
Mediascape
the flow of media across borders.
Neoliberalism
the ideology of free-market capitalism emphasizing privatization and unregulated markets
Syncretism
the combination of different beliefs, even those that are seemingly contrterm-35adictory, into a new, harmonious whole
Technoscape
the global flows of technology.
Cultural infrastructure
the values and beliefs of communities, states, and/or societies that make the imagining of a particular type of network possible
fabrication
a technique for reporting on research data that involves mixing information provided by various people into a narrative account that demonstrates the point of focus for researchers.
Indigenous Media
media produced by and for indigenous communities often outside of the commercial mainstream
mass communication
one-to-many communication that privileges the sender and/ or owner of the technology that transmits the media
media
a word that used to describe a set of technologies that connect multiple people at one time to shared content
Media Practices
the habits or behaviors of the people who produce media, the audiences who interact with media, and everyone in between.
Mechanical infrastructure
the apparatuses that bring networks of technology into existence
Photovoice
a research method that puts cameras into people's hands so they can make their own representations of their lives and the activities.
adaptive
traits that increase the capacity of individuals to survive and reproduce
biocultural evolution
describes the interactions between biology and culture that have influenced human evolution
biomedical
an approach to medicine that is based on the application of insights from science, particularly biology and chemistry
Communal healing
an approach to healing that directs the combined efforts of the community toward treating illness
culture-bound syndrome
an illness recognized only within a specific culture
Emotionalistic explanation
suggests that illnesses are caused by strong emotions such as fright, anger, or grief; this is an example of a naturalistic ethno-etiology.
epidemiolgical transition
the sharp drop in mortality rates, particularly among children, that occurs in a society as a result of improved sanitation and access to healthcare