Apes Vocab 3

Age Structure Diagram

a graph showing the distribution of a population by age and sex

Aquaculture

farming of aquatic organisms such as fish

Baby Boom

a period of unusually high birth rates

Biological Control

using natural predators or organisms to control pests

Birth Rate

number of births per 1

Broadspectrum Pesticide

pesticide that kills many different organisms including non-targets

Brownfield

abandoned or contaminated industrial or commercial land

CAFOs

concentrated animal feeding operations where large numbers of animals are raised in confined spaces

Carrying Capacity

maximum population size an environment can sustain

Cash Crop

crop grown primarily for sale rather than personal use

City Planning

organized development of urban areas to manage growth and resources

Clear-Cutting

removal of all trees from an area

Composting

decomposition of organic waste into nutrient-rich soil material

Contour Farming

plowing along land contours to reduce erosion

Controlled Burning

intentional fires set to manage ecosystems and reduce fuel buildup

CBR

crude birth rate or number of births per 1

CDR

crude death rate or number of deaths per 1

Deforestation

large-scale removal of forests

Demographic Transition Model

model showing population changes as a country develops

Demography

study of human population statistics

Density Dependent Factors

limiting factors affected by population density

Density Independent Factors

limiting factors not affected by population density

Desertification

conversion of fertile land into desert

Doubling Time

time it takes for a population to double

Emigration

movement of people out of an area

Even-aged Stands

forests where trees are the same age

Exponential Growth

population growth at a constant rate

Family Planning

controlling number and spacing of children

Feedlot Runoff

polluted water from livestock facilities

Fallow

land left unplanted to restore nutrients

Fisheries

management and harvesting of fish populations

Genetic Engineering

direct modification of an organism’s DNA

GMO

genetically modified organism

Green Belt

undeveloped land surrounding cities to limit sprawl

Green Revolution

agricultural advances that increased food production

Ground Subsistence

dependence on local natural resources for survival

Growth Rate

change in population size over time

Herbicide

chemical used to kill plants

Hydroponic

growing plants without soil using nutrient solutions

Immigration

movement of people into an area

Impervious Surface

surface that prevents water infiltration

Industrialized Agriculture

large-scale

Infant Mortality Rate

number of infant deaths per 1

Inorganic Fertilizer

synthetic fertilizer

Insecticide

chemical used to kill insects

IPM

integrated pest management combining multiple pest control methods

IPAT Model

formula showing human impact equals population × affluence × technology

MSY - crop production

maximum sustainable yield without depleting resources

Microclimate

localized climate conditions

Migration

movement of people between regions

Monoculture

farming a single crop species

Multiple Use Land

land managed for various purposes

Narrow Spectrum Pesticide

pesticide targeting specific organisms

Natural Pesticide

pest control derived from natural sources

No-Till Agriculture

farming without plowing to reduce erosion

Nitrates

nitrogen compounds that can pollute water

Old Growth Forests

undisturbed forests with mature trees

Organic Fertilizer

fertilizer from natural sources

Overgrazing

excessive grazing that damages vegetation

Pest

organism that damages crops or property

Pesticide

chemical used to kill pests

Pesticide Treadmill

cycle of increasing pesticide use due to resistance

Public Lands

land owned and managed by government

Replacement Level Fertility

number of children needed to maintain population size

Rodenticide

chemical used to kill rodents

Ruminant

animal that digests plant material in stages

Second Growth Forest

regrown forest after disturbance

Seed Bank

storage of seeds for future planting

Seed Tree Cutting

leaving select trees to reseed area

Selective Cutting

removal of specific trees

Shelterbelts

rows of trees planted to reduce wind erosion

Shelterwood Cutting

removing trees gradually to allow regrowth

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation

Survivorship Curves

graphs showing survival rates by age

Synergy

combined effect greater than individual effects

The Rule of 70

formula to estimate population doubling time

TFR

total fertility rate or average number of children per woman

Traditional Subsistence Ag

small-scale farming for personal use

Type I - Survivorship Curve

high survival until old age

Type II - Survivorship Curve

constant mortality rate

Type III - Survivorship Curve

high mortality at young ages

Uneven-Aged Stands

forests with trees of different ages

Urban Forestry

management of trees in cities

Urban Sprawl

spread of low-density development

Urbanization

growth of cities and urban populations