Exam 1 SPA3101

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Isometric

________: contracts a muscle, tension changes but length does not.

Tendons

________: nonelastic fibers that connect muscle to bone.

ATP

________ (produced by mitochondria) is an energy source that is added during muscle contraction so myosin and actin can react.

Ligaments

________: somewhat elastic fibers that connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage.

Superior inferior

________ is not used together with cranial /caudal.

Bronchi

________: Tubes that go from the tracahea to the lungs.

Arborize

________: become the bronchial tree; bronchioles.

external surfaces

The cells of epithelium form: sheets that cover the ________ of the body.

Hyaline Cartilage

________ is found in: nose, flexible ends of ribs, surfaces of bones at joints, cartilages in the larynx (thyroid and cricoid)

Apical pleura

________: thickening in the top portion of the lung.

air passage

It provides a(n) ________ to help you breathe when the usual route for breathing is somehow blocked or reduced.

skeleton

The ________: The framework of the body, which consists of bones and cartilage.

Insertion

________: area of attachment of muscle to bone.

Speech

________: breathe in, increase volume, decrease pressur of air which is related to how long we can talk.

Contraction

________- decreases the distance between origin and insertion.

Mediastinum

________: a membranous partition between two body cavities or two parts of an organ, especially that between the lungs.

Trachea artilage

________: First cartilage attaches to the larynx and the last cartilage bifurcates; separates.

Cartilage

________: Softer than bone, Flexible, Capable of growth, Covered by a tough fibrous membrane called perichondrium.

Myosin

________ and actin: molecules inside muscle fiber that control contractions.

Origin

________: place of attachment of a muscle which remains fixed during contraction.

Nervous Tissue

________: monitors and regulates the functions of the body.

Elastic Cartilage

________ is found in: Epiglottis, External part of the ear (pinna), Corniculate cartilages of the arytenoids (larynx)

Anatomical Position

________: Subject is always facing forward and you are looking at the subject that way.

Anatomy

________: The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts.

Synergist

________: act around a moveable joint to produce motion similar to or in concert with agonist muscles.

Physiology

________: Science dealing with the function of living organisms.

Aponeurosis

________: Covering muscles, connects muscle to muscle.

Fibrocartilage

________: Very strong and dense.

Antagonists

________- muscles that produce opposite movement.

agonist muscle

They often act to reduce excessive force generated by the ________ and are referred to as neutralizers.

Expiration

________: expulsion of carbon dioxide through tract out into atmosphere.

Inhalation

________: air is taken through respiratory tract to lungs and held there until oxygen replaces carbon dioxide.

Interpleura space

________: lines inner walls of thoracic cavity and lungs (Important in taking in air)

Pleurisy

________: pain during inhalation, lack of moist something.

Parietal pleura

________: lines the thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm.

Pleura

________: each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals.

Lungs

________ are when the vocal folds do something: airtight.

Bone

________: The most important supporting structure of the body, hard (not flexible like cartilages)

Areolar

________: forms the "bed "for skin and mucous membranes, found almost everywhere in the body.

phrenic nerve

Right ________: Passes lateral to the right brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava.

Boyles

________ law: inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature.

Diaphragm

________: located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration.

Agonists

________: muscles work together.

peritoneum

The ________, pericardium, and pleura are serous membranes.

Coronal

________ (frontal): divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Trachea

________: 16- 20 horse shoe shaped rings (hyaline cartilage); incomplete in the back; lies directly next to the esophagus.

Ubricates

________ and protects these organs and cavities from abrasive particles and bodily fluids, as well as invasive pathogens.

elastic mass

The Lungs: 2 cone shaped structures, spongy and ________.

Symphysis

________: a place where two bones are closely joined, either forming an immovable joint (as between the pubic bones in the center of the pelvis) or completely fused (as at the midline of the lower jaw)

Transverse

________: horizontal cut (divides the body into superior and inferior portions)

Anatomical Position

Subject is always facing forward and you are looking at the subject that way

Medial

Toward the midline of the body, which splits the body, head-to-toe, into two halves, the left and the right

Lateral

Relating to the side, lying away from the median axis of the body

Anatomy

The study of the structure of organisms and the relations of their parts

Physiology

Science dealing with the function of living organisms

Anterior (ventral)

in the front of the sternum is on the anterior surface of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

in the back of the vertebrae are on the posterior surface of the body

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to any point of reference

Distal

farther from any point of reference

Superficial (external)

located close or on the body surface

Superficial Example

The skin is superficial to the muscles

Deep

(internal)

Coronal (frontal)

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal

divides the body into right and left sides

Transverse

horizontal cut (divides the body into superior and inferior portions)

Adduct

close

Abduct

open

Supine

laying face up

Prone

laying face down

Coronal Suture

Divides anterior and posterior

The Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living things

Cells are

Highly organized masses of protoplasm (semifluid gel that consists of protein, CHO, Lipids, Nucleic acids and inorganic materials dispersed in water)

Cell Function

Metabolism (use of food and oxygen to build or repair tissue), Excretion, Response to stimuli, Mobility

Cell Structure

Golgi Complex (apparatus), Organelles

Tissue

Colonies of cells combined together in such a manner as to exhibit functional unity

Cell to system order

Cell > Tissue > Organ > System

Types of Tissue

Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Nervous, Vascular, Epithelial Tissue

The cells of epithelium form

sheets that cover the external surfaces of the body

Connective Tissue

Connects and binds the structures together, Supports the body systems

Loose connective tissue found

beneath the skin

Areolar

forms the "bed" for skin and mucous membranes, found almost everywhere in the body

Adipose

Similar to areolar but has high fat content

Dense Connective Tissue

Collagenous + elastic fibers

Tendons

nonelastic fibers that connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

somewhat elastic fibers that connect bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage

Aponeurosis

Covering muscles, connects muscle to muscle

Special Connective

Tissue

Cartilage

Softer than bone, Flexible, Capable of growth, Covered by a tough fibrous membrane called perichondrium

Cartilage is dound in three forms

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

Extremely strong and somewhat unmovable, Poor blood supply, Susceptible to ossification (calcification),

Hyaline Cartilage is very important in

studying the speech mechanism

Hyaline Cartilage is found in

nose, flexible ends of ribs, surfaces of bones at joints, cartilages in the larynx (thyroid and cricoid)

Fibrocartilage

Very strong and dense

Elastic cartilage

Highly flexible, Rubbery in consistency, Ossification rarely occurs

Elastic Cartilage is found in

Epiglottis, External part of the ear (pinna), Corniculate cartilages of the arytenoids (larynx)

Bone

The most important supporting structure of the body, hard (not flexible like cartilages)

Bone Classification

Classified by shape

Long bones

found in arms and legs