Lesson 91 - Parasitic and Dietary Diarrhea

What are types of protozoa associated with diarrhea?

coccidia, giardia, tritrichomonas, cryptosporidium

What are types of nematodes associated with diarrhea?

hookworms, trichuris, strongyloides, trichostrongyles, strongyles

Where is coccidia found?

small and large intestine

Where is giardia found?

small intestine

Where is cryptosporidium found?

small intestine

Where are hookworms found?

small intestine

Where are strongyloides found?

small intestine

Where are trichostrongyles found?

small intestine

Where are tritrichomonas found?

large intestine

Where are trichuris found?

large intestine

Where are strongyles found?

large intestine

What are the species of coccidia?

cystoisospora and eimeria

What type of coccidia is in dogs and cats?

cystoisospora

What type of coccidia is in cattle, sheep, goats?

eimeria

What is the transmission of coccidia?

direct, fecal-oral ingestion of sporulated oocysts, tissue of paratenic hosts with encysted sporozoites

What do sporozoites of Cystoisospora and Eimeria do?

invade the epithelial cells of the small and large intestine, replicate, and eventually rupture cells

What are clinical signs of cystoisospora?

asymptomatic, water diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration

How is eimeria transmitted?

direct, fecal-oral ingestion of sporulated oocysts

What are the clinical signs of Eimeria?

reduced feed consumption and body weight, soft diarrhea, CNS signs in cattle, lower wool quality

What is the species of Giardia?

giardia duodenalis

What are the hosts for giardia duodenalis?

dogs, cats, ruminants

What parasites are zoonotic?

giardia, cryptosporidium, hookworms, strongyloides,

What is the transmission of giardia?

direct, fecal-oral ingestion of infective cysts

What do the trophozoites of giardia do in the small intestine?

attach to enterocytes surface

What are clinical signs of giardia?

maldigestion, malabsorption, malodorous diarrhea, weight loss, growth retardation

What are the hosts for cryptosporidium?

cattle, small ruminants, dogs, cats

What is the transmission for cryptosporidium?

direct, fecal-oral ingestion of sporulated oocysts

What does cryptosporidium do in the small intestine?

invasion and development in the microvillus brush border

What are the clinical signs of cryptosporidium?

watery diarrhea with yellowish color, dehydration, life-threatening in immunocompromised hosts

What are hosts for hookworms?

cats, dogs, ruminants

What is the zoonotic importance of hookworms?

cutaneous larva migrans

What is the transmission of hookworms?

ingestion, skin penetration, paratenic hosts, transmammary of L3

What are the clinical signs of hookworms?

anemia, weight loss, melena, dermatitis, pruritis, papules, respiratory signs

What hookworms have 3 pairs of teeth?

Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubaeforme

What hookworms have 1 pair of teeth?

Ancylostoma braziliense

What hookworms have cutting plates?

Uncinaria stenocephala and Bunostomum spp.

What are the hosts for strongyloides?

dogs, cats, ruminants, horses

How is strongyloides transmitted?

ingestion of infective filariform larvae, skin penetration, transmammary, autoinfection

What are the clinical signs of strongyloides?

diarrhea with blood, malabsorption, lesser extent verminous pneumonia

What is the zoonotic importance for strongyloides?

S. stercoralis can penetrate the skin like CLM

What are the hosts for trichostrongyles?

sheep, goats, cattle

Where are trichostrongyles located?

abomasum and small intestine

What are the clinical signs of trichostrongyles?

anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, dehydration, abomasal lesions

What are the hosts for tritrichomonas?

cats

How is tritrichomonas transmitted?

direct, fecal-oral ingestion of trichomonads

Where are tritrichomonas mostly located?

cecum

What are the clinical signs of tritrichomonas?

chronic water diarrhea, fecal incontinence, flatulence, relapse of diarrhea, rectal prolapse may occur

What are the hosts for trichuris?

dogs and cats

How is trichuris transmitted?

direct, fecal-oral ingestion of embryonated L1 eggs

What are the clinical signs of trichuris?

weight loss, dehydration, diarrhea with bright blood

What are the hosts for strongyles?

sheep, goats, cattle

How are strongyles transmitted?

ingestion of infective L3 larvae

What are the clinical signs of strongyles?

nodules formation due to larvae, diarrhea

What is a species of strongyles?

esophagostomum

What do the eggs of strongyles look similar to?

trichostrongyles

What can you see on direct wet mount/smear?

protozoa motility

What can you see on flotation?

eggs, larvae, cysts

What can you see with Baermann technique?

larval stages of strongyloides

What can you see on histology?

oocysts and nematodes

What is modified acid-fast staining good for?

Cryptosporidium

What are clinical signs of dietary indiscretion?

acute diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, flatulence, possible lethargy and dehydration

What type of diarrhea is seen with dietary indiscretion?

osmotic diarrhea

What types of foods alter gut microbiota?

spoiled food or high-fat diets

Toxocara canis

Trichuris

Strongyloides

Trichostrongyloides

Hookworms

Trichuris

Strongyloides

Trichostrongyles

Giardia