Hydration and Homeostasis pt 1 (study alongside notes)

_______ are substances that develop an electrical charge when dissolved in water.

Electrolytes

Nonelectrolytes are substances that do not __________ electricity.

conduct

Osmolality is the concentration of solute per __________ of water.

kilogram (kg)

The normal osmolality range is __________ mOsm/kg of water.

275-295

The _____ is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.

solvent

The ______ is the substance, or particle, that is dissolved in a solvent.

solute

______ solutions have the same osmolality as blood.

Isotonic

Hypotonic solutions have a __________ osmolality than blood and cause cells to __________.

lower; swell

Hypertonic solutions have a __________ osmolality than blood and cause cells to __________.

higher; shrink

_______ pushes fluid out of the vessel into tissue spaces.

Hydrostatic pressure

______ pulls fluid into the vessels.

Osmotic pressure

Intracellular fluid (ICF) makes up about __________% of body weight.

40

The ICF is high in __________ and low in __________.

potassium (K+); sodium (Na+)

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is high in __________ and low in __________.

sodium (Na+); potassium (K+)

The three ECF compartments are __________, __________, and __________.

Intravascular (fluid in arteries/veins), interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid

A __________ is an element or compound that separates into electrically charged ions.

electrolyte

Cations are __________ charged electrolytes, while anions are __________ charged.

positively; negatively

The main ICF cation is __________; the main ECF cation is __________.

potassium; sodium

The main ICF anion is __________; the main ECF anion is __________.

PO₄³⁻; Cl⁻

Normal blood osmolality is approximately __________ mOsm/kg.

270-300

Diffusion moves solutes from __________ to __________ concentration.

higher; lower

Osmosis moves solvent (water) from __________ to __________ solute concentration.

lower; higher

_______ occurs when water and diffusible substances move across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure.

Filtration

Active transport moves molecules from __________ to __________ concentration and requires __________.

lower; higher; energy (ATP)

The Na⁺/K⁺ pump is an example of __________ transport.

active

The main control of fluid intake is the __________ mechanism.

thirst

The average adult daily fluid intake is ___ mL.

2200-2700

The ADH hormone is stored in the __________.

posterior pituitary gland

Natriuretic peptides come from the __________ and increase urination by blocking __________.

heart; aldosterone

The kidneys excrete about __________ mL/day or ___ mL/hour.

1500; 30-50

Sensible losses are __________ and can be __________.

measurable; measured

Insensible losses are __________ to measure and occur through the __________, __________, and __________.

hard; skin; lungs; GI tract

Insensible losses increase when a person has a __________.

fever or increased respiratory rate

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid __________ the cell.

within/inside

Most (__________) of the body’s water (H₂O) is found in the __________.

two-thirds (2/3); ICF

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the fluid __________ the cell.

outside of

The ECF contains about __________ of the body’s total water.

one-third (1/3)

The ECF is more prone to __________ than the ICF.

loss

The three types of ECF are __________, __________, and __________ fluid.

interstitial; intravascular; transcellular

The __________ is stimulated when excess fluid is lost and __________ occurs.

thirst mechanism (hypothalamus); dehydration (hypovolemia)

Body fluid deficit is sensed by __________ in the hypothalamus.

osmoreceptors

The hypothalamus then stimulates __________ and __________ release.

thirst; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH acts in the renal __________ and __________ tubules, causing water __________.

distal; collecting; reabsorption

When there is excess water, ADH secretion is __________, leading to increased __________ excretion.

suppressed; urinary

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) helps regulate __________ and __________ balance.

fluid; electrolyte

Structural changes in the __________ decrease the ability to __________ water.

kidneys; conserve

Hormonal changes lead to decreased __________ and __________ levels.

ADH; ANP

Loss of __________ tissue causes increased loss of body moisture.

subcutaneous

Older adults have a reduced __________ mechanism, leading to decreased __________ intake.

thirst; fluid

Nurses must __________ and implement treatment accordingly.

assess hydration status

Sodium (Na⁺) normal range: __________ to __________ mEq/L.

135–145

Potassium (K⁺) normal range: __________ to __________ mEq/L.

3.5–5

Calcium (Ca²⁺) normal range: __________ to __________ mg/dL.

8.5–10.5

Magnesium (Mg²⁺) normal range: __________ to __________ mEq/L.

1.6–2.6

_______ means low sodium (Na⁺).

Hyponatremia

______ means high sodium (Na⁺).

Hypernatremia

_____ means low potassium (K⁺).

Hypokalemia

______ means high potassium (K⁺).

Hyperkalemia

______ means low calcium (Ca²⁺).

Hypocalcemia

______ means high calcium (Ca²⁺).

Hypercalcemia

______ means low magnesium (Mg²⁺).

Hypomagnesemia

______ means high magnesium (Mg²⁺).

Hypermagnesemia

Sodium is the major __________ cation and the primary regulator of __________ volume.

extracellular; fluid

Sodium is important for __________ health and is reabsorbed by the __________.

brain; kidneys

Potassium is the major __________ cation and is essential for __________ contraction and __________ conduction.

intracellular; muscle; cardiac

Potassium is eliminated by the __________ and regulated by __________ and __________.

kidneys; diet; kidneys