Bio test 4

What is a Population?

refers to a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographic area or habitat.

What is a Community?

diff species interacting with one another

What is an Ecosystem?

a community and all non-living elements

What is the Bioshpere?

interactive collection of all earths ecosystem

What are abiotic components of an ecosystem?

non-living things. water, air,temp, sunlight and minerals

What are biotic components of an ecosystem?

living things. plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms.

What does a logistic growth curve look like?

S- shape

What does an exponential growth curve look like?

J- Shape

What is an example of an r-selected species? What are the characteristics of an r-selected \n species? What kind of survival ship curve would an r-selected species….

* Dandelion plant
* a high reproductive rate, small body size, short lifespan, early maturity
* high mortality rates during early life stages, followed by a period of relatively stable survival during adulthood, and then a rapid decline in survival rates towards the end of their lifespan.

What is an example of a K-selected species? What are the characteristics of a K-selected \n species? What kind of survival ship curve would a K-selected species exhibit

* elephant
* a low reproductive rate, larger body size, long lifespan, delayed maturity, high parental investment in offspring.
* The survival ship curve of a K-selected species is characterized by high survival rates during early life stages, followed by a period of relatively stable survival during adulthood, and a gradual decline in survival rates towards the end of their lifespan.

What are the types of species interactions we discussed in class?

1. **Predation** - when one species (predator) kills and eats another species (prey) for food. Example: lion hunting a zebra.
2. **Competition** - when two or more species compete for the same limited resources, such as food, water, or shelter. Example: two bird species competing for the same nesting site.
3. **Mutualism** - when two species benefit from each other. Example: bees and flowers, where bees get food (nectar) from the flowers, while flowers get pollination services from bees.
4. **Commensalism** - when one species benefits from the interaction while the other is neither helped nor harmed. Example: cattle egrets foraging near cattle and feeding on insects that are stirred up by their movements.
5. **Parasitism** - when one species (parasite) benefits at the expense of another species (host) by living on or inside the host organism. Example: ticks feeding on the blood of a deer.

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

states that two species that occupy the same niche (or ecological role) in the same habitat cannot coexist indefinitely. One species will eventually outcompete and exclude the other species from the habitat, leading to either extinction or a shift in the distribution or behavior of the excluded species.

What is resource partitioning? Provide an example

Resource partitioning is a phenomenon in which competing species use the same limited resources in slightly different ways in order to coexist in the same habitat.

example: bserved in bird species that feed on insects in a forest environment. Some bird species have long, thin beaks that allow them to extract insects from narrow crevices in tree bark, while other bird species have shorter, stronger beaks that enable them to crush and break open the hard exoskeletons of larger insects.

What is a keystone species?

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is a species that has a disproportionately large impact on the structure and functioning of an ecosystem relative to its abundance.

What is a trophic level?

is a position in the food chain of an ecosystem occupied by a group of organisms that have similar feeding roles.

What are producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers?

1. Producers: These are the autotrophic organisms (e.g., plants, algae, and some bacteria) that produce organic matter from inorganic sources such as sunlight and nutrients.
2. Primary Consumers: These are the herbivores that feed directly on the producers.
3. Secondary Consumers: These are the carnivores that feed on the herbivores.
4. Tertiary Consumers: These are the top predators that feed on the secondary consumers.

What is the second law of Thermodynamics and what does it have to do with trophic levels?

states that in any energy transformation or transfer, the total amount of energy remains constant, but the amount of useful energy available to do work decreases. In other words, energy is lost as it is converted from one form to another, and some of it is inevitably dissipated as heat.

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How are Biomes defined? Please provide some examples of biomes and their characteris

large-scale ecological regions characterized by distinctive plant and animal communities adapted to the particular climate and geology of the region.

Example:

• tundra \n • taiga \n **• temperate deciduous forest < our biome** \n • temperate grassland \n • desert \n • tropical rain forest

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

* In primary succession, the first organisms to colonize the area are typically lichens, mosses, and other small plants and microbes that can survive in harsh, barren conditions.
* Secondary succession, on the other hand, occurs in an area where there was once an existing community of plants and animals, but that community has been disturbed or destroyed by some type of disturbance such as a fire, flood, or human activity such as logging or agriculture.

What are characteristics that define organisms within the Kingdom Animalia?

* multicelular
* no cell wall
* heterotrophic
* go through biastula stage

What are characteristics that define mammals?

* fur
* milk
* homeothermic
* 3 middle ear bones
* four chambered heart

Are there any invertebrate chordates? If so what are they?

Yes, there are invertebrate chordates, which are a group of animals that exhibit certain features of chordate anatomy, such as a notochord and dorsal nerve cord, but lack a vertebral column.

Where are organisms in this kingdom typically found? (Animalia)

a diverse group of multicellular organisms that are found in a wide range of habitats all over the world.

* terrestrial environments, aquatic and even deserts.

What is the life-cycle of these organisms? What kinds of reproduction are practiced? Are there \n any distinctive features that go along with asexual or sexual reproduction? (Animalia)

* it varies
* animals can practice asexual and sexual
* Distinctive features associated with asexual reproduction include the production of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, which can lead to rapid population growth in favorable conditions
* Asexual reproduction is common in simpler animals such as sponges, hydra, and some worms.

When did this kingdom emerge on the planet? When did the different taxonomic groups \n associated with this kingdom evolve? What are some of the characteristics that differentiate one \n taxonomic grouping from another? (Animalia)

* around 600 million years ago, during the Ediacaran Period of the Proterozoic Eon
* Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (roundworms), Annelida (segmented worms), Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans), Chordata (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals).
* their body plan and overall morphology.