Unit 0 Exam AP Psych

Research shows that woman who are referred by a physician to participate in the study of eating disorders more severe problems than women who volunteer on their own to participate in the study. If research on eating disorders regularly involves only women referred by physicians, the results of the study might be limited because of the presence of

a. Sampling Bias

b. placebo effects

c. dependent variables

d. nonrandom assignment

a. Sampling Bias

A researcher is trying to determine whether a new painkilling medicine is effective in reducing headaches. Twenty adults participating sit in a noisy environment for 30 min and then rate the severity of their headaches on a scale from 0 (none) to 5 (intense). Group M (the medicine group) receives a normal dose of the medicine. Group C (the control group) rest quietly. After 20 min, all participants again complete the headache rating scale. The statistically significant differences in headache on the post test appear in the graph below

a. The severity of headaches diminished among the group that recieved the medicine whereas the severity of the headaches in the control group was unchanged

b. The group showed equivalent decreases in severity of their headaches from pretest to postest

c. The med was more effective in reducing the severity of the headaches than quiet rest

d. The medicine eliminated the headaches of participants to whom it was administered 

c. The med was more effective in reducing the severity of the headaches than quiet rest

Petra, a graduate students, studies creativity, and she is frustrated that several studies in her field do not have precise operational definitions for creativity or divergent thinking. It is important for researchers to use precise operational definitions for which of the following reasons

a. They want to ensure that conditions are assigned randomly

b. They want to be able to replicate the experiment

c. They want to organize the hypothesis appropriately

d. They are conducting experimental research but not correlational research

b. They want to be able to replicate the experiment

A researcher studying stress wants to be sure that income levels do not affect the results of the research. Which of the following is used to reduce the effects of confounding variables in experiment

a. Descriptive statistics

b. Inferential statistics

c. An algorithm

d. Random Assignment 

d. Random Assignment 

Dr. Schmidt was interested in the relationship between sensation of a stimulus and the sensation of charge in a stimulus. She tested this using sensation of weight. Participants were blindfolded and given two equal weights to hold one in each hand. With each trial, she added a slightly heavier weight to one hand than the other. The participant was asked to notify her if or when one felt heavier. She found that it was more difficult to determine the difference in the weights when the equal weights from the first trial were heavy.

What type of research study Dr. Schmidt conduct?

a. A correlational study

b. A meta-analysis

c. An experiment

d. A cross-sectional study

c. An experiment

Researchers gathered information on the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in children under the age of six years from a randomly selected sample from a large nation. One type of data collected involved parents reporting about special health care needs of their children such as whether they had emotional, behavioral, ort developmental delays. Children with no or low ACEs were less likely to experience developmental difficulties 

Which of the following research methodologies was used in this study?

a. Experimental

b. Meta-analysis

c. Naturalistic observation

d. Correlational 

D. Correlational

A psychologist designed a study to test the effects of cell phone use on driving safety. Participants were randomly assigned either to drive an automobile simulator while talking to a friend on a cell phone or to drive a simulator without talking on a hone. 

Which type of research does the scenario describe

a. Participant observation

b. Correlational

c. Case study

d. Experimental

d. Experimental

A double-blind control is essential for which of the following?

a. A study comparing the IQ test scores of children from different educational systems

b. A study of relationships among family members

c. Assessments of a treatment designed to  reduce schizophrenic symptoms

d. A survey of drug use among teenagerts

c. Assessments of a treatment designed to reduce schizophrenic symptoms

Because of studies in the past that exposed participants to danger without their knowledge which of the following was added to the American Psychological Association ethical guidelines?

a. Research may not involve deception unless participants are debriefed 

b. Participants must be voluntary

c. Participants must know about all aspects of the study before agreeing to participate

d. Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement

a. Research may not involve deception unless participants are debriefed 

Dr. Yankovic is interested in whether humans display more anger on their foces when they ate alone or with others. Subjects were told that the purpose of the experiment was to evaluate different personality traits uting a personalty inventory. However, the true purpose of the study was to expose subjects to a frustrating situation in which the personality inventory they are filling out keeps restarting and their information does not save. Subjects" faces are closely monitored in the alone condition and in the with others condition to see whether subjects display more anger when alone or with others.

Which ethical guideline does Dr. Yankovic need to follow at the conclusion of the study?

A. informed consent

B. Debriefing

C. Reveal the names of the individual subject

D. Make sure the sample of the w is representative of the popular

D. Debriefing

Clive Wearing is an individual involved in a well known case study examining anterograde amnesia. Clive oxperienced a high fever which led to damage to the hippocampus nearly 40 years ago. Since that time. Clive has not been able to encode new memories and. by some estimations, can only hold a thought for 7 to 9 seconds. Which of the following is an ethical consideration regarding the case of Clive Wearing?

A. Neither Clive not his wite can provide their informed consent to be studied because of his condition.

B. The level of risk in studying Cive's condon is 100 great

C. We should not know Cive's identity, especially while he is still living

D. This information should only be published or publicly discussed after Cive’s death

C. We should not know Cive's identity, especially while he is still living

De. Fella in interested in investigating the effectiveness of a new drug toe the treatment , ef anxiety disorder. Ethical guidelines require that prior to starting the study he needs to do which of the following?

A. Have participants give informed consent

B. Set up a exam room for participants

C. Write a paper proving the effect of the drug

D. Debrief participants on the purpose of the study.

A. Have participants give informed consent

Researchers at a local university conduct research to find the biological bases for Alzheimer’s disease. According to the ethical guidelines set by the American Psychological Association (APA), which of the following is true of psychological research in which animals are used as subjects?

A. It must not involve the use of surgical procedures

B. It is no longer permitted by the APA without special authorization

C. It should  conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research

D, It may not be conducted by psychologists who do not have a license

C. It should  conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research

Below is a transcript of a case study about an individual named Arjun

Arjun was diagnosed with epilepsy and struggled with seizures regularly. After trying multiple unsuccessful treatments, his neurologist recommended surgery that severed connections between the two hemispheres of the brain, Arjun agreed to the surgery. After surgery, Arjun, experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher, In the laboratory psychologist flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that flashed in this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years and his experiences were unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun’s experience and his first and last name.

A. confidentiality

B. Informed Consent

C. deception

D. Sampling bias

A, Confidentiality

Below is a transcript of a case study about an individual named Arjun

Arjun was diagnosed with epilepsy and struggled with seizures regularly. After trying multiple unsuccessful treatments, his neurologist recommended surgery that severed connections between the two hemispheres of the brain, Arjun agreed to the surgery. After surgery, Arjun, experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher, In the laboratory psychologist flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that flashed in this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years and his experiences were unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun’s experience and his first and last name.

Which following part of the brain was severed to address Arjun’s epileptic seizures

A. Amygdala

B. Cerebellum

C. Corpus Cellisium

D. Menhulla 

C. Corpus Cellsium

Below is a transcript of a case study about an individual named Arjun

Arjun was diagnosed with epilepsy and struggled with seizures regularly. After trying multiple unsuccessful treatments, his neurologist recommended surgery that severed connections between the two hemispheres of the brain, Arjun agreed to the surgery. After surgery, Arjun, experienced changes that were noticed during special testing in a laboratory setting by a researcher, In the laboratory psychologist flashed different images or words to his left and right visual fields. Arjun could easily speak the names of items that were flashed to his right visual field. He could not easily speak the names of items that flashed in this left visual field. Arjun was studied by a researcher for many years and his experiences were unchanged. The researcher published the research with Arjun where he shared Arjun’s experience and his first and last name.

Which of the following parts of the brain allowed Arjun to speak the names of the items flashed in his right visual field?

A. Hypothalymus

B. Hippocampus

C. Primary visual cortex

D. Brisca Arisa

D. Brisca Arisa

Dr. Altman is a psychologist who wants to learn more about the recycling behaviors of students college campuses. He speaks with students and records their answers about how many students support recycling but not always engage in recycling behaviors and feel guilty about their lack of action

Which of the following measurement tools is Dr. Altman is using 

A. Interview

B. A projective test

C. A factor analysis

D. A likert scale

A. Interview

A psychologist develop a theory of how personality develops by using case studies using his mostly female patients. What conclusion should be drawn from his reliance on case studies to develop his theory?

A. The psychologist discovered universal truths about human functioning 

B. The psychologist interviewed patients of all ages to insure broad applicability of his ideas

C. The psychologist’s theories were likely biased because they were not based on a representative sample of people

D. The small number of case studies he completed reduced the validity of the conclusions he draws 

C. The psychologist’s theories were likely biased because they were not based on a representative sample of people

A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of particpants

Participants in group one are asked “Do you see a broken headlight?”

Particpants in group two are asked “Did you see the broken headlight”

The researcher find that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall?

A. Heuristics

B. framing

C. Proactive Interference

D. Primacy effect

B. framing

The next question(s) are based on this scenario

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group

What is the dependent variable of the study

D. incidence of aggressive behavior

The next question(s) are based on this scenario

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group

What is the independent variable of the study

B. Type of television program viewed

The next question(s) are based on this scenario

A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group

This research method is best characterized as 

A. Experimental

Researchers conducted a correlational study during the winter season, which has shorter days and longer nights. The researcher asked about people's experiences with depression-like symptoms, including feelings of tiredness and reduction in energy output. The researcher found that there was a positive correlation between the amount of daylight and depression-like symptoms. Which of the following statements best reflects how to interpret this correlational finding?

C. The relationship between daylight and depressive symptoms may also be linked to a third variable.

Which of the following ethical considerations is typically raised by research on conformity?

B. Participants often cannot be told the true purpose at the start of the study.

Dimitri and Dominic are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. When they found each other through DNA tracking, they were surprised to see how different they were. Which research method would a psychologist most likely use to document their behavioral differences?

B. Correlation

Dr. Amie conducts an experiment in which participants are asked to observe a recorded lecture and either take notes as they watch in real time or take notes when they pause the lecture every minute. She then gives them a test to evaluate their knowledge about the information presented. To reduce the likelihood of confounding variables influencing the experiment, Dr. Amie should do which of the following?

A. Ensure that all participants watch the same recorded lecture

Drawing a random sample of people from a town for an interview study of social attitudes ensures that

A. each person in the town has the same probability of being chosen for the study

Dr. Neal is conducting research on the impact of genetics on anxiety disorders. Which of the following reflects appropriate attention to ethical procedures?

B. Dr. Neal meets with each of the subjects individually after the conclusion of the study to share and explain the results, answer questions, and make certain the subjects feel positive about participation in the study.

Dr. Mizrahi is designing a study to test whether antidepressants are more effective than placebos. Using electronic medical records, Dr.

Mizrahi gathers a random sample of his patients who display a set of symptoms typically associated with major depressive disorder. He randomly assigns participants to receive an antidepressant medication or a placebo as a substitute for their daily multivitamin. Neither the participants nor Dr. Mizrahi know who is in which group.

Which of the following should be of concern when trying to evaluate whether Dr. Mizrahi adhered to established ethical research guidelines?

Dr. Mizrahi did not get informed consent from his patients.

A researcher wants to examine how much information from waking life ends up in dreams. The researcher recruits 40 volunteers from a local community college to record the details of their daily activities. The participants will be given a sleep monitor that gently wakes them each time they end an REM cycle, after which they will complete a detailed dream diary. The study is planned to last for two weeks.

Why would an institutional review board be hesitant to approve this study?

The researchers are disrupting sleep for an extended period, which may cause harm.

A team of sports psychologists is investigating the effects of different reinforcement schedules on athletes' performance and motiation.

They plan to recruit high school athletes from various teams to participate in the study. Which ethical consideration should reneurohers prioritize when recruiting high school athletes for their research?

B. Obtain informed assent from the athletes and informed consent from their parents

The graph depicts data from a test of general intelligence or g. Which of the following best describes the graph?

A. Bimodal distribution

B. Normal distribution

C. Positively skewed distribution

D. Negative distribution

D. Negative distribution

A psychologist administered the most recent edition of the Stanford-Binet IQ test to 50 students and their scores are shown in the chart above. How many students earned scores higher than two standard deviations above the mean?

A. 2

A test examining the level of sensation-seeking has a mean of 80 with a standard deviation of 4. Which of the following scores is within one standard deviation of the mean?

A. 75

B. 77

C. 85

D. 90

B. 77

Five students ranging in age from 19 to 24 took part in a survey at a nearby college. The students were asked to rate their overall attitudes toward older people (ATOP), on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 indicates a negative attitude and 5 indicates a favorable attitude. These results are presented in the table.

What is the range of the ATOP mean scores?

A. 3.4

B. 1.6

C. 5

D. 4.3

A. 3.4

While reviewing scores from a test on contralateral hemispheric lateralization, a teacher discovered that the mean score was higher than the median. Which of the following statements is most likely correct?

A. The range of the set of scores is the difference between the mean and the median.

B. The standard deviation is equal to the mean.

C. The distribution of scores for the test is normal.

D. The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed.

D. The distribution of scores for the test is positively skewed.

Dr. Ronaldo wants to measure levels of creativity in the participants in his study. He presents an ambiguous object and records how long it takes for the participants to come up with at least six practical uses for each of the objects. The data in the graph represent the time and the number of participants who completed the six responses within that time range. Which of the following best represents the measures of central tendency in this data set?

A. The mean will be higher than the mode

The graphs depict the distribution of intelligence test scores for two groups of students at a middle school. Which of the following statements is true of the graphs?

C. The mean is identical for both distributions; the standard deviation is larger for distribution A.

Ms. Harrison asks students in her psychology class to record how many hours of sleep they get every night and what they eat for breakfast. When the class looks at the data, they find that the fewer hours of sleep they get, the more they eat for breakfast. Which of the following is a limitation of self-report research?

C. Self-report data is subject to the social desirability bias

A psychologist looking at a graph of IQ scores around the world notices that the data form a normal distribution. Which of the following statements describes the mean, median, and mode of a test whose scores are normally distributed?

D. The mean, the median, and the mode will be the same value.

A research study compares the performance of typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on a test of social development. All children are 4 years old, and researchers want to determine if they have a theory of mind. The effect size for the difference in performance between the two groups is presented in the graph.

Dr. Abrams treats patients with anxiety by using a form of counterconditioning called exposure therapy. To test the effectiveness of this technique, Dr. Abrams had each patient report their level of anxiety while repeatedly exposing each person to an anxiety-inducing situation for one hour using a virtual reality headset. Patients rated their anxiety from 0-8, with 0 being no anxiety to 8 being extreme anxiety. The results are presented in the graph.

C. Likert Scale

Dr. Abrams treats patients with anxiety by using a form of counterconditioning called exposure therapy. To test the effectiveness of this technique, Dr. Abrams had each patient report their level of anxiety while repeatedly exposing each person to an anxiety-inducing situstion for one hour using a virtual reality headset. Patients rated their anxiety from 0-8, with 0 being no anxiety to 8 being extreme anxiety. The results are presented in the graph.

Which of the following concepts describes the learning process experienced by Dr. Abram's patients?

B. Habituation

Dr. Nash is conducting research on the presence of an authority figure on obedience. She calculates the effect size for her data to show how strong the relationship is between her variables. Which of the following describes this kind of statistical calculation that is concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the independent variable on variations in the dependent variable?

C. Inferential

Researchers at a large university conducted a study of over 15,000 randomly selected participants that measured whether taking a multivitamin helps people over age 65 avoid dementia. Which of the following best describes why this study is likely highly generalizable?

A. The study is ethical

B. An experiment is used.

C. Debriefing is used

D. The sample is representative of the population.

D. The sample is representative of the population

A researcher wants to explore whether a new treatment for muscular sclerosis is effective. What is the best way to ensure that results of a study are generalizable to a population?

A. By making sure to use as many participants as possible

B. By making sure the results are significant

C. By using random assignment

D. By using a random selection of people in that population

D. By using a random selection of people in that population

compared treatment method outcomes for three groups. They measured the reduction in symptoms for three groups of 10 individuals with persistent depressive disorder over the course of 16 weeks. The results depicted in the graph indicate that no significant differences were found among the three groups.

What factor in the research design most directly limits the generalizability of the findings?

A. The differences in treatment methods.

B. The operational definition of symptom reduction.

C. The use of a small sample size.

C. The use of a small sample size

Researchers interested in examining the effect of various treatments on reducing symptoms of cases of persistent depressive disorder compared treatment method outcomes for three groups. They measured the reduction in symptoms for three groups of 10 individuals with persistent depressive disorder over the course of 16 weeks. The results depicted in the graph indicate that no significant differences were found among the three groups.

What research design was most likely used in the study?

A. Experimental design with a control group and random assignment

B. Cross-sectional design comparing different groups at a single point in time

B. Cross-sectional design comparing different groups at a single point in time

Researchers interested in examining the effect of various treatments on reducing symptoms of cases of persistent depressive disorder compared treatment method outcomes for three groups. They measured the reduction in symptoms fer three groups of 10 individuals with persistent depressive disorder over the course of 16 weeks. The results depleted in the graph indicate that no significant differences were found among the three groups.

Which of the following represents a variable of interest in this study?

A. Median number of therapy sessions attended

B. Mean percentage of symptom reduction

B. Mean percentage of symptom reduction