A&P - Children/Adolescents

infancy = first year, childhood = end of infancy to beginning of adolescence, adolescence = starts at onset of puberty and ends at completion of growthwht

describe the timelines for infancy, childhood and adolescence

increase in size of body or any of its parts

what is growth?

differentiation of cells along specialized lines of function; function changes that occur with growth

what is development? what does it reflect?

process of taking on adult form with fully functional systems

what is maturation?

rapid growth in height/weight in first 2 years and adolescence

describe growth trends across infancy and adolescence

fat cells increase in size and number over time; body fat content averages 15% in boys and 25% in girls; largely based on hormone levels

describe the # of fat cells throughout one's lifetime. what happens when maturity is reached? what is this % based on?

in embryo and into adolescence

what does boney development begin?

increases significantly during childhood and adolescence; best time to increase is during adolescence through proper nutrition and WB exercise

how does BMD change over one's lifetime? what is the best time to increase BMD?

girls = 16 to 20 yrs, boys = 18-25 yrs

when does muscle mass peak in girls vs. boys?

muscle mass als increases from hypertrophy with with little hyperplasia

how does muscle mass change as weight increases?

around 12; onset of puberty

when does the rate of strength gain increase noticeably? why?

continued myelination of nerve fibers specifically in the cerebral cortex; plays a role in strength development

what occurs in the nervous system development as a child grows? what does this play a role in?

children are capable of high max HR compared to adults

describe max HR in children vs. adults

children cardiac output is lower, rate of oxygen consumption is the same proportional to body size, VO2 max peaks at 17-21 yrs boys and at 12-15 yrs in girls

describe cardiac output, rate of oxygen consumption and VO2 max in children vs. adults

20 for women, 20-30 for men

when is peak strength attained in women? men?

at rest and during exercise BP is lower in children

describe BP at rest and during exercise in children vs. adults

greater blood flow to working muscles

children have less peripheral resistance - what does this cause?

less total blood volume which causes decreased stroke volume at rest and during exercise

what are the consequences of children's heart sizes being smaller?

higher heart HR and quicker rise in HR

as workload increases, what happens to children's HR?

children's stroke volume AND cardiac output is greatly decreased compared to adults at similar workloads

compare stroke volume in adults vs. children? what about cardiac output?

children have lower glycolytic capacity; muscle glycogen stores at 50-60% less than adults

describe anerobic capacity in children (include glycolytic capacity and muscle glycogen stores)

stores of ATP and PCr

what resting storage is the same in children and adults?

children have lower ability to produce anaerobic power

how does ability to produce anaerobic power compare in children vs. teenagers/adults?

lower capacity for hepatic glycogenolysis, rely on fat metabolism, exogenous glucose is high

describe metabolism in children. (what do they have a lower capacity in? what do they heavily on? what high?)

during puberty, carbs get used more as you get close to an adult

describe the changes in substrate utilization changes with age.

prepubescent children do not hypertrophy; adolescents show hypertrophy and neural adaptaions

what is the one exception regarding strength gains in children? what DO adolescences exhibit?

improvements of 5-15% in aerobic capacity; increase heart size to improve stroke volume

describe physiological adaptations regarding oxygen consumption in children. what types of changes can occur after puberty?

increases levels of phosphocreatine/ATP/glycogen, higher ventilatory threshold and high levels of phosphofurctokinase

describe some physiological adaptation to anaerobic training.

describe the physical activity guidelines for school aged children/adolescents (describe the breakdown of that activity)

60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous intensity activity per day

mostly aerobic at least 3 days per week; part of the 60 minutes should be muscle strengthening activities at least 3 days per week and part of the 60 minutes should be bone strengthening activities at least 3 days per week

thermal stress

what are children more susceptible to compared to adults?

height, does not increase rate of skeletal maturation

what does training NOT influence in children?

positive impact on body weight and composition; might delay menarche

what does training in children have a positive impact on? what might it delay?

long term athletic development framework to promote sustained healthy participation in sports

what is the ADM? (american development model)

discover/learn/play - develop/challenge - train/compete - participate/succeed/excel for high performance - thrive/mentor

what are the 5 stages of the ADM?

person's aerobic capacity and endurance by timing how far they can walk in six minutes

what does the 6 minute walk test measure