key words psych paper 3 (reseach methods are in paper cards)

universality

characteristic of humns that can be applied to all

gender bias

tendency t treat one individual in a grouo different ti another

androcentrism

male centred

behavuour judges off male standard

alpha bias

exaggerates differecnces between men and women

beta bias

ignores diff between men and women

cultural bias

tendecy to interpret all phenomena through the lens of one cukture , ignoring cultral differences

ethnocentrism

judging other cutures by stadards of ones own culture

cultural relativism

Cultural relativism is the idea that behaviour can only be understood properly within the context of the culture in which it occurs.

social sensitivity

potential consequences for research

ethical implications

consequences of reseach interms of effects on ps

sex

biologcal differences between males and females

gender

psychosolcial differecens between men and wimen

sex role steroetype

set of beliefs about what is expected/appropriate for men and women

androgyny

• displaying a balance of masc and fem characteristics

atypical sex chromosome patterns

any sex chromosomes pattern that deviates fro usual xx or xy

identification

a desire to be assoiated with a particular person due to desirable characterisrcs

internalisation

an individual adopts the attitudes / behvaiour of another

culture

ideas/behaviour of a particlar group

media

communication channels

gender roles

set of behaiours typical to one gender

gender dysphoria

when a discomfort experinces discomofrt due to a mismatch between their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity

schizophrenia

mental disorder when contcat with reality and insight are imparied

positive symptoms

experiecned in addition to normal experiences

negative symptoms

loss of unsual experience

co - morbidity

occurnece of two disorders or conditions togtherer

if they continuously occur together it calls to uestion the validity to classify the two disorders seperatley

symptom overlap

when two or more conditions share symtoms .

calls to question validity of classifyig two disorders seperately

family dysfunction

refers to processes within a famil such as poor comms

dysfunctional thoights

info processing that does not represent reality and produces undesirbale consequecnes

cognitive expalnation

explanations tat focus on mental processes such as thinking

typcal antipsychotics

first generation of dugs for schiz

atypical antipsychotics

developed after typical

token economy

behaviour modification

ethological explanation

explanation that seeks to understand the innate behaviour of animals by studying them in their natural environment

evolutionary explanation

account of changes in species over millions of years based on natural selection

social psychological explanation

any theory that argues aggression is the result of an intercation between an individuals characteristics and features of the sututaions in which the behvaiour occurs

deindividuation

a psyhological state in which individual loses their perosnal identity and takes on the identitiy of the social group

cognitive priming – repeated exposure to violent computer games gives a script leading to readiness to act aggressively

Discuss levels of explanation in psychology.

mainly tyoes of reductionsim and holism

biological, psychic, environmental

outline the biological explanation for gender identity disorder

over or under-exposure to androgens in the womb (over-exposure for females, underexposure for males) and consequent masculinisation or feminisation

neurobiological abnormality resulting from either genes or pre-natal stress