Social Studies 8 Benchmark 1 Assessment

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Quarter 1 Test

37 Terms

1

Major Geographic Features of the US-From west to east:

Rocky Mountains ——> Great Plains ——> Mississippi River ——> Appalachian Mountains

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2

Primary Source

A first-hand account from the time period.

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3

Importance of Geography to Culture

Where you live determines how you live.

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4

Buffalo & Native Americans

Buffalo were a source of food, shelter, clothing, and tools.

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5

Reservations

Between 1820-1890 the US government removed Native american Indians from their tribal lands and relocated them here.

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6

Westward Expansion

Americans justified this based on a belief in Manifest Destiny.

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7

California Gold Rush

Many people “rushed” to CA in the 1840’s to search for gold.

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8

Cattle Trails

Were used to bring herds to railroad lines, where they would be shipped to market.

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9

Homestead Act

Offered 160 acres of land for free for those willing to farm it for 5 years.

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10

Barbed Wire & Sod Houses

Were solutions to problems that farmers experienced on the Great plains during the late 1800’s.

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11

Railroad Expansion

Began to outpace canal expansion after 1830.

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12

Industry that triggered the IR

Railroads

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13

Handmade to Machine Made

After the Civil War, more machinery was used to make goods.

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14

J.D Rockefeller

Made his fortune in the oil industry.

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15

Supply and demand

High supply, low demand = low prices Low supply, high demand = high prices

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16

Corporation

Becoming a corporation (selling shares) is a way for a business to raise capital (money for investment)

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17

Advantage of Corporations

They have stockholders who invest money.

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18

Monopoly

One producer has control of an entire industry.

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19

Trust

Two or more companies agree not to compete and share a Board of Directors.

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20

Monopolies and Trusts

Both increase profits by eliminating competition.

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21

Share of Stock

The part of a business that the public can purchase.

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22

Edison’s Inventions

Motion picture projector, phonograph, light bulb, etc

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23

Sherman Antitrust Act

Prevented the formation of business monopolies.

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24

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Led to the passage of laws that created safer working conditions.

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25

Led to Laws Protecting Factory Workers

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire.

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26

Strike

Workers walk off of their jobs until their demands are met.

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27

Boycott

When people refuse to buy a particular product or service.

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28

Collective Bargaining

When labor and management try to negotiate a new contract.

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29

Settlement Houses

Neighborhood centers, in poor areas, staffed by professionals and volunteers who offered food, clothing, shelter, and education.

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30

The New Colossus

Poem on the base of the Statue of Liberty that welcomes immigrants.

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31

The Statue of Liberty

Became a welcoming symbol of freedom and opportunity for immigrants from around the world.

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32

Ellis Island

Opened by the US government in 1892 to process immigrants arriving from overseas.

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33

Famine

A severe shortage of food.

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34

Low skill jobs

Most immigrants who came to the US in the late 1800’s took low skill jobs, which meant low pay.

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35

Sanitation

Keeping things clean and healthy.

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36

Tenement

A rundown, crowded apartment building.

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37

Where Factory Jobs Were Located

Large cities in the eastern US.

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