MSTE PART 4 (PORTS AND HARBOR)

Ports

a harbor with the necessary terminal facilities to expedite the moving of cargo and passenger at any stage of the journey aside from its wharves, pier and cargo handling machinery

Harbor

any body of water with sufficient depth for ships to enter and find shelter in storm and other natural phenomena

Natural Harbor

a harbor which is protected by storms and waves by the natural land contours, rocky outcrops or islands. The entrance to such harbor permits navigation

Artificial Harbor

a harbor protected by means of engineering works on all sides

Commercial Harbor

a harbor in which terminal facilities are provided.

Refuge Harbor

a harbor which is used as a haven in a storm

Wharf

a landing place or the platform built out into or onto the water parallel to the shore for the berthing of vessels

Jetty

A solid structure which projects into the sea perpendicular to the shore to berth vessels.

Pier

A platform extending from a shore over water and supported by piles, used to secure, protect, and provide access to ships or boats.

Lighthouse

they are tall tower structures with a marine beacon-light camera lantern on top. They are usually erected on points along the shore to guide ships to a nearby port as well as on reefs, shoals or other points of danger to shipping

Breakwater

a structure constructed around harbor in order to protect the interior water area from the effect of stormy waves.

Revetment

structures used for protecting riverbanks against erosion

Levee

an embankment built along the side of the rivers to prevent the overflow of banks and thus to protect the adjoining land from flood waters

Dikes or Training Wall

these are employed to direct the flow of current in rivers with a view to the establishment of the more favorable and fixed channel and often also to prevent scour and erosion and the carrying away of river banks

Quaywall or Bulkhead

protection walls for quay and wharves for retaining and protecting embankments or retaining fill.

Mooring

a structure where a ship is tied when it is anchored to enable cargo to be handled in the absence of wharves.

Apron

a space provided in large ports in front of berth to facilitate loading and unloading of cargo.

Ocean Port

ports of call for large ships or ocean liners

Entry Port

isolated area of ports where foreign goods are cleared through customs.

Free Port

an isolated and enclosed area within which goods maybe landed, stored, mixed, repacked, manufactured and reshipped without payment of duties and without intervention of custom officials.

Inland Port

ports which are located at the entrance of a river

Approach Channel

the path or channel in which ship proceeds from the sea to the harbor

Outer Channel

the portion of the channel beyond harbor entrance in the open sea.

Inner Channel

the portion lying between the entrance and harbor basin.

Turning Basin

water space which is required for maneuvering the ships after they enter the harbor for going to or leaving a berth.

48.67

Waves continue to grow after they reach a velocity equal to ____ but at a decreasing rate. Energy losses from friction, transfer of energy into currents and the development of white caps means the wave will not grow until the wave speed reaches the wind speed. The wind speed is 146 kph.

17 and 33

The ratio of the wave length to its height for ocean waves is between:

Seiche

A very long standing wave on a large but limited body of water generally occurring when a storm dies down after producing a wind tide is called:

Swells

Waves generated by storms, which occur outside area of observation.

Beuforts Scale

An instrument use to measure the intensity of wind.

Fairway

An open water of navigable depth is called:

Diurnal range

The difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lower low water is called:

Spring tides

The highest tides which occur at intervals of half a lunar month is called:

Wakes

Wave formed by moving ship or boats are called:

MLLW

The datum line for design of port facilities in accordance with charts, which is being used by the Phil. Ports Authority (PPA).

Spring tides

The type of tide which will occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full that is when the sun, moon and earth fall in line and the tide generating forces of the moon and sun are additive.

Gravity waves

Waves are formed by the frictional drag of wind across the water surface. This is a process of transferring energy from wind to water. Water particles are moved from their position by the wind, and then returned to the original position by gravity, which is a restoring force. These waves are called:

0.15 – 0.40 m

The PPA (Phil. Ports Authority) requires that water level that guarantees about water depth for safety of the ships berthing on a certain ports and harbor, below the mean lower low water should be equal to:

Neap tide

When the lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form a right angle, that is the moon is in her quarters, then the actions of the moon and sun are subtractive, and the lowest tides of the month occur, this is called:

Age of the tide

Owing to retardation of the tidal wave in the ocean by frictional force, as the earth revolves daily around its axis and as the tide tends to follow the direction of the moon, the highest tide for each location is not coincident with conjunction and opposition but occurs at some constant time after new and full moon

I. Planned water depth

II. Design water depth

III. Coping/crown elevation

IV. Length of standard and approach part

V. Width and slope of apron

The elements of Berthing Facility are as follows:

12 hrs. and 25 min

Generally, the average interval between successive high tides, which is half the time between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian is:

Clapotis

The pressure against a vertical wall due to waves is called:

Storm surge

The abnormal rise of the sea level that occurs when a typhoon passes by. This rise above normal level on this open coast is due to atmosphere pressure reduction as well as that due to wind stress.

wave refraction

A change in the dissection of travel of the wave with change in depth of water which distributes wave energy along the seashore unevenly is called:

I. Natural harbors

II. Semi-natural harbors

III. Artificial harbors

Harbors can be broadly classified as:

tides

Waves formed by gravitational attraction of the moon and sun.

wave refraction

The bending of waves as they slow down.

sea

Waves under the influence of the winds that generated them are called:

swell

Waves that have propagated beyond the initial winds that generated them are called:

fetch

The distance that a wind blows across the water is called:

steepness

The ratio of the wave height to its wave length is called

breaking wave

Waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the creast particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height.

wind rose

The graphical representation of the direction frequency of winds at a particular location over a period of time is known as;

amplitude

The distance between the highest point and the lowest point of the wave

remain constant

A wave generated in deep water, when reaching shoaling waters, changes not only in its height but also in its length but the period will ____

Lee Side

The harbor entrance should, if possible, be located on the __________ of the harbor.

between 0.7 - 1.0 times the length of the design ship

Generally the width of the harbor entrance should be

1.5 m/s or 3 knots

The maximum current velocity through the harbor entrance should not exceed

7 to 8 times the ship's length

The stopping distance of a ship will depend on factors such as ship speed, the displacement and shape of the hull, and horsepower ratio. The stopping distance of a loaded ship

0.1 times the length of the largest ship

When more than one ship has to be accommodated along the berth, a clearance length of ______ should be provided between the adjacent ships.

2 times the beam of the largest ship plus 30 m.

For a single-berth pier, the clear water area between two piers should be _____ to allow for tugboat assistance.

1.5 times the length of the ship

For harbor basins, the width required to permit a ship to swing freely into a berth is _____ for berths at 45 degrees.

2 times the length of the ship

For harbor basins, the width required to permit a ship to swing freely into a berth is _____ for berths at 90 degrees

From 50 - 150 m

The safety distance between two moored tankers or moored tanker and a passing ship, will depend upon the overall layout of the harbor, the number of tugboats assisting in the berthing or unberthing operation, the environmental conditions and the population of in the area. The safety distance between a moored oil tanker and a passing ship shall be

50 - 60 m

The size of water area for anchorages will therefore primarily depend on the number, type and size of ships, which require protection and the type of mooring system available. The water depth at an anchoring area should preferable not exceed approximately _____ due to the length of the anchor chain of the ship. The bottom condition must not be too hard, otherwise the anchor will be dragged along the bottom and not dig into the sea bottom.

48.67

Waves continue to grow after they reach a velocity equal to ______ but at a decreasing rate. Energy losses from friction, transfer of energy into currents and the development of white caps means the wave will not grow until the wave speed reaches the wind speed. The wind speed is 146 kph.

Wind Waves

Waves generated by wind that are acting on the sea surface bordering on the port site.

Tsunamis

Waves created by large, sudden impacts, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides that ends up in the ocean.

Deep Water Waves

Waves in which the ratio of water depth to the wave length is greater than 0.5.

Intermediate Water Waves

Waves in which the ratio of water to depth to the wave length is less than 0.50 but greater than 0.40

Shallow-Water Waves

Shallow-Water Waves

Breaking Waves

Waves which fall forward since the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of propagation of the wave itself. In deep water, this normally occurs when the wave length L is less than 7 times the wave height (L < 7H) and in shallow water when the depth d is approximately equal to 1.25H (where H is the wave height).

Fetch

The distance that the wind blows over sea in generating the waves is known as

Steepness

The ratio of the wave height to its wave length is called

Significant Wave Height

The arithmetical mean value of the highest, one-third of the waves for a stated interval.

Storm Surge

An abnormal rise of the sea level that occurs when a typhoon passes by. This rise above normal level on this open coast is due to atmospheric pressure reduction as well as due to wind stress

Tsunamis

Waves with an extremely long period that mainly occur when there is a sudden large scale sea floor movements associated severe, shallow focus earthquakes.

Ebb Tide

The falling tide is known as

Fetch

The horizontal extension of the generating area in the direction of the wind is called

Diurnal Range

The difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lower water is called

0.15 m to 0.40 m

The PPA (Phil. Ports Authority) requires that water level that guarantees about water depth for safety of the ships berthing on a certain ports and harbor, below the mean lower lo water should be equal to

Tidal Range

The difference in height between high water and low water at a tidal station is called

Neap Tides

When the daily high waters are usually at their least height and the daily low waters their greatest height soon after the moon is in quadrature. This tides are called

Diffraction

The spread of energy along a wave crest is called:

Refraction

The bending of waves as they slow down.

Swell

Waves that have propagated beyond the initial winds that generated them are called

Fetch

The distance that a wind blows across the water is called

Duration

The time that a wind blows across the water is called

Significant Wave Height

The average of the highest one-third of the waves are called

Semi-diurnal Tides

Tides that occur twice its lunar day is called

Tidal Bores

High crested waves caused by the rush of flood tide up a river or by meeting of tides are called

Monsoon

Prevailing winds which are seasonal blowing in one direction over part of the year and in the opposite direction the remainder of the year.

Wind

The circulation of masses of air more or less parallel to the earth's surface.

Windward Side

The side of a structure facing the direction from which the wind comes.

Leeward Side

The opposite side of a structure facing the direction from which the wind comes.

Wind Rose

The graphical representation of the direction, frequency, and intensity of winds at a particular location over a period of time is known as

Beaufort's Scale

A scale use to measure the intensity and force of winds.

Diurnal Tides

Tides which occurs only one high tide a day is called

Mixed Diurnal Tides

If one of the two daily tide is incomplete, that is it does not reach the height of the previous tide, then the tides are referred to as