an organ made up of bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, adipose, and nervous tissue; makes up the skeletal system
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What are the six functions of the skeletal system?
provide support, protect internal organs, assist body movement, store and release calcium and phosphorus, blood cell production, stores triglycerides in yellow marrow
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3
what are the seven parts of the long bone?
diaphysis (shaft), 2 epiphyses (ends of bone), 2 metaphysis (between diaphysis and epiphysis), articular cartilage (on epiphyses), periosteum (connective tissue on diaphysis), medullary cavity (in diaphysis), and endosteum (membrane on medullary cavity)
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What is the extracellular fluid found in bones composed of?
15% water, 30% collagen, and 55% crystalized mineral salts
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Mineral salts and collagen both contribute to the strength of our bones. What do mineral salts do compared to collagen fibres?
mineral salts confer hardness on bone while collagen fibers give bone its great tensile strength
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What is calcification?
salts being deposited in a framework of collagen fibers
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What are the four bone cells?
Osteoprogenitor cells (bone stem cells), osteoblasts (bone-building cells), osteocytes (mature bone cells), and osteoclasts (bone remodel)
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What is compact bone?
it is the strongest bone; provides protection and support; few spaces; found beneath periosteum of all bones
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What is spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone?
provides tissue support; interior of bone; red bone marrow in bones, yellow in others
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Just a complex picture of bone.
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How do blood vessels pass through bone?
from the periosteum
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How do nerves pass through bone?
follow vessels into bone tissue and the periosteum where they sense damage and transmit pain messages
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What is the process of bone formation?
ossification/osteogenesis
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What are the two forms of ossification?
intramembranous and endochondral
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What is intramembranous?
occurs in flat bones when a connective tissue membrane is replaced by bone
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What is endochondral?
replaces cartilage with bone in the developing embryo and fetus; also occurs in epiphyseal plates of long bones as they grow in length
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When does the diaphysis increase in length?
during the activity of the epiphyseal plate
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How do you know when a bone is done growing?
the epiphyseal line appears
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When can bone grow in thickness?
appositional growth at the periosteum
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What is appositional growth?
the addition of new bone tissue by osteoblasts around the outer surface of the bone and to a lesser extent internal bone dissolution by osteoclasts in the bone cavity
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What is bone remodeling?
the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
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22
What kind of vitamins and minerals are need for bone growth?
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese, and vitamins C, D, K, B-12, and A
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What is the most important hormone for bone growth?
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulated by human growth hormone (hGH)
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What stimulates the modification of the skeleton at puberty?
estrogen and testosterone
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What are three phase (four steps) to bone repair?
reactive phase (early inflammation), fibrocartilaginous callus reparative phase and bony callus reparative phase, and bone remodeling phase
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What are the seven types of bone fractures and what are they?
open/compound: broken end of bone sticks from skin
comminuted: crushed pieces at site of impact, small bone fragments
greenstick: partial fracture, bone bends while other side is broken (occurs only in children)
impacted: one end of fractured bone is driven into interior of other
pott: fracture at the distal end of fibula and injury to the distal tibial articulation
colles: fracture at the distal end of radius displaced posteriorly
vertebral compression fracture: one or more vertebrae fractures and become compressed into a wedge-shaped
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What hormones regulate the calcium ion exchange between bone and blood?
parathyroid hormone (raises blood calcium ion levels) and calcitonin (lowers blood calcium ion levels)
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Why does bone get stronger when under stress?
increased deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers
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What helps build/retain bone mass?
weight-bearing activities
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What are the two principal effects of aging on bone?
demineralization and decreased rate of protein synthesis, resulting in decreased production of matrix components (mostly collagen) and increased susceptibility to bone fracture
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What is a bone scan?
a nuclear medicine imaging test; looks at the bones to see if there fractures, tumours or infections
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What is osteoporosis?
porous bones with low bone mass; bone resorption is faster then bone deposition
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What is ricketts and osteomalacia?
Inadequate calcification of the extracellular bone matrix, usually caused by a vitamin D deficiency (bowed legs)
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