Anatomy Test 1 Part 2

women reproductive system

responsible for the maintenance of the species

male reproductive system

responsible for the maintenance of the species

lymphatic system

cleanses and returns tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and assists the body in protecting itself from foreign organisms (immune system)

urinary system

rids the body of waste products

integumentary system

provides the protective covering of the body and is mostly formed by the skin

nervous system

well developed in humans, allows us to interact with and interpret our environment

digestive system

responsible for providing nutrition to the tissues

muscular system

moves the body and consists of the individual muscles

endocrine system

individual organs produce hormones

respiratory system

takes oxygen to the body and releases carbon dioxide

cardiovascular system

one primarily of transport (heart and blood vessels)

skeletal system

provides a framework for movement and a mechanism for protecting the body

"Run Mrs. Lidec"

Phrase to remember all 11 systems

anatomical position

the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment (ex. mouth for digestive system)

distal

away from the point of attachment (ex. anus for digestive system)

parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity (ex. parietal paricardium)

visceral

pertaining to the internal organs (ex. visceral pericardium)

Ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from the midline

superficial

near the surface

deep

toward the core

ventral (anterior)

front

dorsal (posterior)

back

Horizontal (transverse) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

serous membranes

Line body cavities that lack openings to the outside

anatomical arm

Area between shoulder and elbow joint.

anatomical leg

knee to ankle

cell membrane

the outer boundary of the cell

cytoplasm

portion of the cell in which water, dissolved materials , and small cellular organelles are found

cytosol

cytosketeton

made up of small filaments and tubules

phospholipid bilayer

makes up the plasma membrane, semipermeable, contains proteins, cholesterol, and other molecules

cholesterol molecules

provide stability to the membrane, can make the membrane more fluid

peripheral proteins

proteins found on the inner or outer surface of the membrane

integral proteins

proteins passing into the membrane, some act as channels and cell markers

Microtubules

made of the protein tubulin and are 25 nanometers in diameter

Intermediate filaments

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell, made of actin

specialization

the function of an organelle is determined by its structure

mitochondria

rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane, converts the stored chemical energy in food molecules to stored energy in ATP

ribosomes

smallest of the organelles, no membrane, produces proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

organelle composed to a network of enclosed channels

Rough ER

associated with the nucleus, makes proteins for transport and use outside the cell

Smooth ER

an extension of the rough ER, it produces lipid compounds and detoxifies material

Golgi apparatus

receives material from the ER and other parts of the cytoplasm and serves as an assembly and packaging organelle, have cisternae which are flattened, membranous sacs that form vesicles to transport the molecules it assembles

nucleus

houses the genetic information of the cell and directs many cellular functions

nuclear envelope

bounds the nucleus with a double membrane, contains nuclear pores (allows movement of materials in and out of nucleus)

vesicles

membrane-bound sacs inside the cell; digest subcellular material, transport material out of the cell, and carry on enzymatic activities

lysosomes

digest material with enzymes in a process known as phagocytosis

Peroxisomes

use enzymes to convert potentially toxic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

cillia and flagella

hair-like structures that are involved in movement, consist of microtubules

centrosomes

found close to the nucleus, contain centrioles, involved in the formation of the spindle apparatus

microvilli

small extensions of the surface of some cells that are involved in the absorption of material

Interphase

the time when a cell undergoes growth and duplication of DNA in preparation for the next cell division

G1 phase

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions

S phase

DNA is duplicated

G2 phase

the cell continues to grow and prepares for the process of mitosis

Prophase

condensation of chromatin into chromosomes, mitotic apparatus appears (asters, centrioles, and spindle fibers)

Telophase

daughter chromosomes begin to unwind into chromatin, nucleolus reappears, nuclear envelope reforms

diffusion

the movement of particles from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance

equilibrium

when the particles become uniformly dispersed

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

solutes

substance dissolved in a solution

crenation

shrinking of red blood cells

hemolysis

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

stem cells

unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out, composed mostly of cells

basement membrane

noncellular adhesive layer

squamous

flattened cells

cubodial

cube shaped cells

columnar

column shaped cells

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

stratified cell layer

cells stacked in more than one layer

pseudostratified cell layer

a single layer of cells that appears to be more than one layer - all cells do not reach the free surface

simple squamous epithelium

Function: Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

Location: Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity(serosae)

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

simple columnar epithelium (goblet cells)

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliated action.

Location: nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary, multinucleated

cardiac muscle

found only in the heart, striated, branched, involuntary, joined together by intercalated disks

smooth muscle

nonstriated, involuntary, found in digestive tract and in the uterus, spindle shaped and uninucleate

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts, contains more matrix than other tissues

loose connective tissue

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

dense connective tissue

can be primarily collagenous or elastic

dense regular collagenous connective tissue

tendons (connect muscles to bones; fibers not necessarily parallel) and ligaments (connect bones to bones; collagen less compact, usually flattened, form sheets or bands)

dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

Protein fibers arranged in a randomly oriented network
Forms innermost layer of the dermis of the skin and white of eye

dense regular elastic connective tissue

Mostly parallel-oriented elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers
Found in walls of organs that must stretch to perform their function, such as large blood vessels and certain ligaments, and vocal folds