Unit 2 Review - Heimler

John Calvin

A French theologian who systematized Reformation doctrines, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God

Theocracy

A form of government where a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, and laws are interpreted as divine commands

Martin Luther

A German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging Catholic Church practices, particularly the sale of indulgences

Roman Inquisition

A judicial body established by the Catholic Church to investigate and prosecute individuals accused of heresy

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council that reaffirmed Catholic doctrines, abolished certain abuses, and standardized Catholic practices

Simony

The practice of buying and selling church offices, leading to corruption within the religious institution

Calvinism

A Protestant theological system developed by John Calvin, emphasizing the sovereignty of God, predestination, and the importance of Scripture

Huguenots

French Protestants, primarily Calvinists, who faced persecution and violence during the French Wars of Religion

Peace of Westphalia

A treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, recognized Calvinism, and established the sovereignty of individual German princes

The Elect

Those individuals predestined by God for salvation, whose faith is expected to manifest in righteous living

Cuius Regio, Eius Religio

A principle established by the Peace of Augsburg, allowing princes to choose the religion of their territory

Index Librorum Prohibitorum

A list of books prohibited by the Catholic Church due to their perceived heretical or immoral content

The Priesthood of All Believers

The belief that all Christians have direct access to God and that there is no sacred-secular hierarchy among believers

Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, involving reforms and the establishment of new religious orders

Baroque Art

A style of art that emerged during the Catholic Reformation, characterized by ornate decoration, emotional intensity, and grand scale

The Great Schism

The first major split of Christianity that created the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054

Indulgences

A grant by the Church that reduces the temporal punishment for sins, often obtained through monetary payment

Predestination

The doctrine that God has chosen certain individuals for salvation before their birth, and that their faith will naturally produce good works

Thirty Years' War

A devastating conflict in Europe from 1618 to 1648 involving Protestant and Catholic states, resulting in significant political and religious changes

Printing Press

A technological innovation that enabled mass production of books, pamphlets, and other written materials, facilitating the spread of Reformation ideas

Edict of Nantes

A decree issued by Henry IV in 1598 granting limited religious tolerance to Huguenots in France

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, known for their missionary work and educational institutions

Witchcraft Craze

A period of persecution and execution of individuals, mostly women, accused of witchcraft, often linked to societal upheaval and fear

Excommunication

The act of officially excluding an individual from participation in the sacraments and community of the Church

Reformation

A religious movement in 16th-century Europe that challenged Catholic Church practices and led to the emergence of Protestantism

Querelle des Femmes

A literary and intellectual debate during the Renaissance concerning the nature and role of women in society

Frederick III, Elector of Saxony

A German prince who protected Martin Luther from persecution, recognizing the political advantages of supporting reform

Anabaptism

A Protestant movement that emphasized believer's baptism, the separation of church and state, and pacifism

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

A violent event in 1572 during which thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris, marking a peak in the French Wars of Religion

Patriarchy

A social system where men hold primary power and authority, often influencing family, economic, and cultural structures

Heresy

The act of rejecting or deviating from the accepted doctrines of the Church, often resulting in excommunication

Diet of Worms

An assembly convened by the Holy Roman Emperor to confront Martin Luther, resulting in his excommunication and the spread of his teachings

Vernacular

The everyday language spoken by ordinary people, as opposed to liturgical languages like Latin

Mannerism

An art movement characterized by distorted figures, exaggerated musculature, and vibrant colors to convey emotion and drama

Sola Scriptura

The doctrine that Scripture alone is the ultimate authority for Christians, rather than Church tradition or the Pope