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Mechano-receptors
Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch.
Thermo-receptors
Sensitive to changes in temperature.
Photo-receptors
Respond to light energy, located in the retina.
Chemo-receptors
Respond to chemicals such as smell, taste, and changes in blood chemistry.
Noci-receptors
Sensitive to pain-causing stimuli.
Extero-receptors
Respond to stimuli arising outside the body; receptors in the skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
Intero-receptors
Respond to stimuli arising inside the body; also known as visceroreceptors.
Proprio-receptors
Stretch receptors located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and connective tissues.
Kinesthetic receptors
Related to the sense of body position and movement.
Epineurium
Connective tissue that surrounds groups of fascicles and blood vessels.
Perineurium
Connective tissue that surrounds a group of axons, forming a fascicle.
Endoneurium
Connective tissue that surrounds an individual axon.
Ventral spinal nerves
Motor (efferent) fibers that innervate skeletal muscles.
Dorsal spinal nerves
Sensory (afferent) fibers that carry impulses from peripheral receptors.
Intrinsic reflexes
Rapid, involuntary, predictable motor responses to a stimulus.
Acquired reflexes
Reflexes that result from practice or repetition, such as driving skills.
Components of a reflex arc
Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector.
Receptor in a reflex arc
The site of stimulus action.
Sensory neuron in a reflex arc
Transmits afferent impulses to the CNS.
Integration center in a reflex arc
The monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS.
Motor neuron in a reflex arc
Conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ.
Effector in a reflex arc
Muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting.
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