types of population selection
Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive
Species
A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Hardy-Weinberg meaning and equation
Genetic variation will stay consistent across generations in the absence of disturbances
p = dominant
q = recessive
phenotypic frequency:
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Allele Frequency:
p + q = 1
speciation
The formation of a new and distinct species in the course of evolution
2 Types of speciation
Allopatric and sympatric
Allopatric Speciaiton
One species is separated by geographic environments they undergo allopatric speciation. If they were to meet again in the future they would not interbreed
e.g. california salamanders
Sympatric Speciation
Even though both populations inhabit the same area, a new species evolves through pre-zygotic isolation
Types of pre-zygotic isolation
Gamete Isolation
gametes cant fuse/fertilize
Behavioral Isolation
courtship displays and different
Mechanical Isolation
Incompatible sex organs
Temporal Isolation
mating timing becomes different (nocturnal vs diurnal)
Habitat Isolation
different habitats in the same location
post-Zygotic isolation
prevents the creation of a fertile offspring
Advantages of hybridization
favorable traits, survival of endangered species
Disadvantages of hybridizaiton
low zygotic viability (severe abnormalities, fails to mature), infertility, low adult viability (low survival rate because traits arent suited for any environment)
Micro evolution vs Macro evolution
micro: evolution in a short period of time (couple of generations)
macro: evolution over a long period of time