1ST DAY

Robert hooke

1635-1703

Devised earliest microscope

Coined cell

How did hooke coin cell

Observing cork from bark of oak tree. Honeycomb structure. Tiny room/cell of monks

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

1st observer of living cell (blood/sperm cell)

What did leeuwenhoek call his findings

Animalcules

Robert Brown

Said organisms are composed of cells by comparing diverse kind of plant specimens

First to discover nucleus (dark spot @ center of cell)

Matthias Jakob

• Forst observed plant cells (vegetative tissues & embryonic plants)

Theodor Swann

• First observed animal cells (muscle/nerve fiber tissues)

• Schwann cells

Rudolf Carl Vichow

Coined 3rd cell theory postulate

3 postulates of cell theory

1) all living things are composed of one or more cells

2) cell basic unit of life in all living things

3) all cells come from pre-existing cells

3 factors in determining life

Information (Dna/Rna)

Membrane

Metabolism

Membrane

Outer layer of cell

Metabolism

• Break down molecules/food to create energy

Virus don't have metabolism

Cause they depend on other healthy cells

How many cells in body?

1 billion - 200 trillion

If you count all cells in body it will take

1 million years

Additional cell theories

Energy flow within cells

Hereditary info (DNA) passed from cell to cell

Cell have same basic chemical composition

Bacteria

Uni cellular

Human cells

Multicellular

Majority of our cells

80% RBC

Examples cells under postulate 2

Plant & animal cells

Example of cells coming from pre-existing cells

Sperm & egg

Early beliefs about origin of life

Abiogenesis, Thales of Miletus, Empedocles

Abiogenesis

• Aristotle

• Life originates from non-living matter

Thales of Miletus

624-524 BC

Simple basic substance, water is fundamental substance

Empedocles

490-430 BC

4 elements source of everything

Fire

Soul

Air

Breath

Water

Softness

Earth

Land-dwellers

Current beliefs on how life originated

Spontaneous origin, panspermia, divine creation

Spontaneous origin

Life evolved from inanimate matter

Sequences of Spontaneous origin

Lightning, energy, molecules, cell, organism

Panspermia

Life arose outside earth. Transported here from another planetto serve as seed

Fragment in panspermia

Fragment of mars found in antarctica that has complex organic molecules

Divine creation

Widely accepted belief that says all life come from divine being.

Genesis 2:7

Then the lord God formed man, dust, breath of life

types of microscopes used in biology

compound, electron, & computers

microscopes

optical instruments that produce larger images/pictures of specimens

who & when was first compound microscope created

-trio of Dutch eyeglass makers (hans jansen, son, zacharias)

-1595s

2 distant points

F1 & F2

ellipse

P distances from F1 & F2 add to constant

formula of ellipse

PF1 + PF2 = 2a

standard form of ellipse

x²/a² + y²/b² = 1

foci (center at origin)

f1 (-c, 0) f2 (c, 0)

focus is - - - units

c

away from center

any point in ellipse, sum of distance from foci

2a

vertex (center at origin)

v1 (-a, 0) v2 (a, 0)

vertex is colinear...

with center and foci

vertex (v1, v2) is - - - away

'a' units away from center

vertex is major axis meaning

it divides ellipse into 2 congruent parts

length of v1 & v2

2a

covertices is minor axis meaning

segment thru center = perp. to major axis

covertices (center at origin)

w1 (0, - b) w2 (0, b)

covertices meets ellipse @ ____ & divides it in ____

covertices, 2 congruent parts

c

center -> focus

a

center - > vertex

b

center - > covertex

formula for a

2a

formula for b

√a² - c²

formula for c

√ a² - b²

x part greater denominator

horizontal

y part greater denominator

vertical

steps to solve for coordinates of foci, vertices, covertices of ellipse

extract a² & b²

find c

substitute to representation

horizontal ellipse standard form when center @ origin

(x-h)²/a² + (y-k)²/b² = 1

vertical ellipse standard form when center @ origin

(x-h)²/b² + (y-k)²/a² = 1

horizontal foci

f1 (h-c, k)

f2 (h+c, k)

horizontal vertex

v1 (h-a, k)

v2 (h+a, k)

horizontal covertices

w1 (h, k-b)

w2 (h, k+b)

vertical foci

f1 (h, k-c)

f2 (h, k+c)

vertical vertices

v1 (h, k-a)

v2 (h, k+a)

vertical covertices

w1 (h-b, k)

w2 (h+b, k)

After studying ____, Rudolf Vurchow discovered that _____ comes from ___, thus ____ come from ____

plants

plants other plants

pre-existing cells

exieting cells

Rudolf Virchow disproved

Abiogenesis

difference between cell division & cell cycle

cell cycle (whole process, including preparation)

division (nagpaparami)

main functions of cell division

-growth & development

-repair/replacement/regeneration

-reporduction

when sperm meets egg, what process takes place

zygote > embryo > fetus

a fetus is an

independent organism

growth vs development

growth (increase in size)

development (changes sa structure)

parent cell is what & produces what

where daughter cells originate. produce 2 daughter cells

daughter cell

product of parents cell's division

if there is no cell division

extinction

sexual reproduction

male/female/partners/need gametes (sex cells) to join to produce

in sexual reproduction the offspring is always

unique

Why is cell division important at sexual reproduction?

sperm & egg is produced through cell division (meiosis)

asexual reproduction

-offpsring arise from single parent & inherit genes of that parent only

offspring in asexual reproduction is always

identical

aseuxal reproduction can take place in

1 day

example of asexual reproduction

starfish choped and regrowing

cell cycle process

cells are big > divide into 2 > small > replication of DNA

dna in parent cells

also present in daughter cells

the cell decides what

when division happens

5 major parts/structure of chromosome

sister chromatids, telomere, centromere, kinetochore

sister chromatids consist of

same genetic info/DNA and size/length

the dna in sister chromatids is

tangled

if the telomere shortens

aging/cellular senescence happens

shorter telomeres

not healthy. higher likelihood of disease

centromere binds what

binds sister chromatids

kinetochore

attach fiber that will pull sister chromatids apart

Functions of Communication

Control

Social Interaction

Motivation

Emotional expression

information dissimenation

who invented features of good communication

broom, cutlip, center (2012)