FULL review

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and natural laws over tradition and religion.

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a shared national identity, culture, or state.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from observation and experience.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who argued natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Social Contract

An agreement in which people give up some freedoms to gain protection from government.

Tabula Rasa

Locke’s idea that humans are born as a “blank slate.”

Voltaire

Enlightenment thinker who advocated free speech and religious tolerance.

Montesquieu

Philosopher who argued for separation of powers in government.

Rousseau

Philosopher who believed sovereignty rests with the general will of the people.

Adam Smith

Economist who supported free markets and capitalism.

Laissez-faire

Economic system with little to no government intervention.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit.

Deism

Belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense, advocating independence from Britain.

Conservatism

Political ideology favoring tradition and gradual change.

Socialism

Economic system advocating shared or government ownership of resources.

Utopian Socialists

Early socialists who believed cooperation could replace competition.

Henri de Saint-Simon

Socialist who supported industrial development for social benefit.

Charles Fourier

Socialist who proposed cooperative communities.

Robert Owen

Socialist who created model factory communities.

Fabian Society

British socialist group advocating gradual reform.

Classical Liberalism

Ideology supporting individual rights and limited government.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Advocate for women’s rights and education.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery.

Zionism

Movement for a Jewish homeland.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice or discrimination against Jews.

Theodor Herzl

Founder of modern Zionism.

J. F. Hertz

Scholar associated with Jewish nationalism and identity.

Topic 5.2

Nationalism & Revolutions

Declaration of Independence

Document asserting colonial independence and natural rights.

liberté, égalité, fraternité

French revolutionary slogan meaning liberty, equality, brotherhood.

philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers in France.

Bastille

Paris prison whose storming symbolized revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

French document affirming equality and natural rights.

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions during the French Revolution.

Haiti

Site of the only successful slave revolt leading to independence.

Maroons

Communities of escaped enslaved people.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

creoles

American-born Europeans in Latin America.

mestizos

People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.

peninsulares

Europeans born in Spain or Portugal.

mulattoes

People of mixed African and European ancestry.

Simón Bolívar

Leader of Latin American independence movements.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

Puerto Rican nationalist poet and revolutionary.

Propaganda Movement

Filipino movement calling for reforms under Spain.

Italian Peninsula

Region fragmented before Italian unification.

realpolitik

Practical politics based on power, not ideology.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist revolutionary.

Risorgimento

Italian unification movement.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Military leader of Italian unification.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor who unified Germany.

immigration

Movement of people into new countries.

Ottomanism

Policy promoting unity within the Ottoman Empire.

Topic 5.3

Industrial Revolution Begins

spinning jenny

Machine that increased yarn production.

water frame

Water-powered spinning machine.

Industrial Revolution

Shift to machine-based manufacturing.

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny.

Industrialization

Development of industries and machines.

Richard Arkwright

Inventor of the water frame.

agricultural revolution

Increased food production through new methods.

factory system

Centralized production using machines.

crop rotation

Alternating crops to maintain soil fertility.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of interchangeable parts.

seed drill

Machine that planted seeds efficiently.

interchangeable parts

Identical components for mass production.

cottage industry

Home-based production system.

division of labor

Breaking work into tasks.

specialization of labor

Workers focusing on one task.

assembly line

Sequential production system.

seaways

Ocean trade routes.

raw materials

Natural resources used in manufacturing.

capital

Money invested to produce goods.

enclosure movement

Privatization of farmland in Britain.

Manchester and Liverpool

Major British industrial cities.