Theology 11: Church, Sacraments, and Apologetics Review

What was St. Cyprian's famous formula regarding salvation?

Outside the Church there is no salvation.

Who was St. Cyprian's formula primarily directed towards?

Heretical sects.

Does the Church deny that grace can be found in non-Catholic Christian communities?

No, the Church recognizes that several elements of grace still exist in these communities.

Is it possible for non-Christians to be saved?

Yes, through Baptism by desire or ignorance of the Gospel.

Why should we bother evangelizing if non-Christians can be saved?

There are many spiritual graces that can only be received through the Church.

What are the four marks of the Church?

One, holy, Catholic, apostolic.

What makes the Church holy?

The holiness of God who founded the Church.

What are the three characteristics of 'full' members of the Church?

1. They visibly belong to the Church; 2. they agree with all the Church's teachings; 3. they receive the sacraments.

Which non-Christian religion stands in closest relationship with the Catholic Church?

Judaism.

In what ways is the Church Apostolic?

1. Built on the foundation of the Apostles; 2. Keeps and hands on the apostles' teachings; 3. Guided by the apostles' successors.

What heresy was the Eastern schism a result of?

None, it was a pure schism caused by anger and bad feeling.

What were some practical differences between the Eastern and Western Church that contributed to the Great Schism?

Different languages (Greek vs Latin) and different liturgical rites.

Which Eastern patriarchate played the biggest role in the Great Schism?

Constantinople.

What rights should political authorities respect?

Everyone's rights, especially families and the disadvantaged.

When is someone obliged in conscience not to follow civil authority?

When directives are contrary to moral order, fundamental rights, or Gospel teachings.

What is an interdict?

A prohibition on the administration of the sacraments in an entire territory.

Which Pope combined the roles of spiritual and temporal ruler?

Innocent III.

Why did the Church come up with the concept of chivalry?

To reform the violence of the culture and protect the weak.

What are the two sources of natural knowledge of God's existence?

1. Natural reason; 2. created things.

What is the teleological argument for the existence of God?

The universe's orderliness and purposeful arrangement indicate a wise and mighty Creator.

What is the teleological argument?

It is the argument that order and a plan indicate the work of intelligence.

What is the cosmological argument for the existence of God?

It infers the existence of a Cause different from the world, based on the existence and movement in the world.

What does the moral argument for the existence of God rely on?

It is based on the existence of a conscience that acts as a law or judge from outside us.

What is the basis for the historical argument for God?

It is based on the realization that all peoples of all times have believed in God, though expressions of this belief vary.

What event in the Old Testament shows that God is personal?

The revelation of His Name to Moses in the burning bush.

What was St. Anselm's famous argument for the existence of God?

A being than which nothing greater can be conceived.

Who is responsible for Jesus's passion?

All sinners throughout history.

How is Jesus revealed as the 'new' Adam in His Passion?

Redemption and eternal life enter the world through the obedience of Jesus, contrasting with the disobedience of the 'old' Adam.

Who was associated most intimately with the mystery of Christ's redemptive suffering?

Mary.

What is a mendicant?

Someone who has to beg for their daily needs.

What are two examples of mendicant orders?

Franciscans and Dominicans.

What is the primary difference between a monk and a friar?

Monks focus on prayer and contemplation in monasteries, while friars are active outside their walls.

What is a 'Third Order'?

Lay people who share in the life of a religious community.

If Baptism removes sin, why is another sacrament for forgiveness necessary?

We still possess an inclination to sin (concupiscence).

What are the three primary forms of penance recommended by Scripture?

Fasting, prayer, and almsgiving.

What is contrition?

Sorrow for sins committed and a desire to avoid them in the future.

Who is the ordinary minister of the sacrament of Reconciliation?

A validly ordained priest.

Who was the 'real founder' of the 11th century reform movement?

Pope St. Leo IX.

What were the two main problems Church reforms targeted in the 11th century?

The worldliness and corruption of the clergy and the control of lay lords over the Church.

What organizations were sometimes exempted from the control of bishops?

Monasteries.

At what Council did transubstantiation become the most accepted description of the transformation at consecration?

Lateran IV.

What does it mean that the Eucharist is the 'source and summit' of the Christian life?

It is the source of salvation and the summit because it represents the fullness of Jesus.