IB history - South Africa

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https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0BzitE5IVIDzVNkZXeVZVSDlKN1U

apartheid

System based on the assumption that different ethnic groups are essentially different from each other, and that a natural hierarchy must ensure

Similar to social Darwinist philosophies like Nazism, and sought justification Calvinist scripture

What were the attitudes/actions of early British character?

1. Racist attitudes towards Xhosa - shown in 1853 Constitution of Cape Colony which distinguished there were "civilised" and "uncivilised" people

2. They imposed segregationist laws, curfews, and passes to regulate movement and jobs.

3. SAP government (South African Party) led by Louis Botha and Jan Smuts also exacerbated the racial segregation by implementing acts.

What did 1911 Mines and Workers Act entail?

Only whites could do labour in mines

What did the 1913 Native Lands Act entail?

Blacks, who made up 66% of the population, were only given 7.5% of land (later increased to only 13%). Could only live in white land if under employment.

What did the 1925 Wage Act entail?

Whites were given preference for government jobs

1948 Election

National Party, which advocated a clear apartheid vision, won the election - DF Malan was appointed prime minister

What are the stages & properties of apartheid?

1. Petty apartheid ("baasskap") during first years of NP rule under Malan & Strijdom. It was brutal, decisive, and purpose was to ensure domination of white over blacks.

2. Grand apartheid under HF Verwoerd. This was sophisticated- goal was territorial segregation of SA. This argument that Africans would be given full independence aimed to justify apartheid system in the face of judgement from the world.

Division and classification of the population

Necessary prerequisite for enforcement of other forms of apartheid legislation. Thus one of the first laws passed by the NP government was the Population Registration Act of 1950.

This act created a national population register: White, Coloured, Bantu. Members of same family could find themselves on different sides of the classification divide due to genetic traits skipping generations. This made it difficult/impossible for different racial groups to live together.

Some laws to further division of population - Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and Immorality Act; Reservation of Separate Amenities Act; Pass Laws act;

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and Immorality Act

Passed in 1949 Promoted the separation of races by outlawing sexual relations and marriage between different populations. It was enforced intrusively and sordidly.

Removal of coloured voters 1951-56

National Party wanted to remove Coloured voters in 1948 when they came to power but did not have a 2/3 majority, so they used their normal majority of 50% to create Separate Representation Act of 1951.

This made is so Coloureds could vote for four white representatives to represent them in parliament.

Separate representation Act - removed all non-white people from the voters roll

Group Areas Act

Passed in 1950; assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas, and allowed for forced removal. Was passed to eradicate the "black spots" in White areas.

Eventually spread into Natives Resettlement Act 1954 ; Group Areas Development Act in 1955.

pass laws act 1952

Passed in 1952, a means of enforcing segregation of populations.

Rather than replacing existing passbooks involved more comprehensive documents that Africans had to carry at all times with detailed information about pretty much all aspects of their lives

Reservation of separate amenities act (1953)

Passed in 1953; seen as the epitome of petty apartheid system. Strict segregation by race for all public amenities. Racial groups faced arrest & imprisonment if they used Whites-only facilities

Sophiatown 1955-63

One of the "Black spots" in Johannesburg, with prosperous black culture. Forced removal (Group Areas Act) wherein Blacks were moved to Soweto (on 10th of February when police came in with guns), a place with inadequate, cramped housing. Resulted in loss of identity. It had lack of health and education.

Sophiatown renamed Triomf and turned into a place for white residence.

Bantu Education Act 1953

Form of segregation in education. Made it mandatory for schools to only admit one racial group into schools, and put education of Africans under Native Affairs Department.

This act meant curriculum would be very different for each racial group. Black education was inferior and had almost no academic content other than basic literacy and numeracy, and technical skills for domestic service.

Extension of University act 1959

Extended apartheid/segregation to tertiary education

Bantustan system

Flagship of grand apartheid - planned to give Black peoples their own self-governing homeland by transforming native reserves into independent states.

Began with Malan passing the Bantu Authorities Act in 1951 that created new regional authorities for Africans. In 1959, Promotion of Bantu Self Government Act - passed by Verwoerd & was the most important law in the creation of homelands system.

Blacks not moved to the bantustans became basically foreigners in their own country with risk of deportation to bantustan's at any moment

Non violent protests

Defiance campaign

Defiance campaign

First in a number of protests organized by the ANC against the apartheid system - significant as it marked the beginning of a new, more radical phase in fighting against White minority rule. Implemented as a more effective response to the apartheid laws passed by Malan government.

Designed to apply pressure and force government to repeal apartheid legislation.

Methods included: several leaders and volunteers deliberately break the law while crowds of onlookers provide support; non-violent civil disobedience would be contrasted by the heavy handed response of authorities, gaining global attention and support for ANC; prisons would be filled and stretched to breaking point; other groups would join in the struggle

Began on 26 June 1952.

Outcome: ANC raised its profile and membership. Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1953 put in place, allowing whipping as a form of punishment.

It wasn't a success as no laws were removed, but was also a success in that the ANC co-ordinated its first mass campaign, which was important first step in becoming a true mass movement.

congress of the people & freedom charter

COP was an alliance of anti-apartheid congress movements; formed in 1955.

The congress movements came together to : forge a single front to unite all SA racial groups against apartheid, expand membership of ANC; draft a Freedom Charter; consolidate ANC's strategy of working together to oppose apartheid.

During a mass meeting in (25-26 June 1955) suggestions from millions of SA were incorporated to make the Freedom Charter; police raided the meeting but became an iconic document in the freedom struggle.

There are things in Freedom Charter - but basically everything set to happen in Freedom Charter was not present in SA society, which is part of the reason why it was created in the first place!

rock strikes back 1956

20,000 SA women of all races delivered anti pass petitions to the government. "If you strike a woman, you strike a rock". Helped ANC gain prestige.

alexandra bus boycott 1957

Bus boycotts were a major form of black protest.

The catalyst for this boycott was that bus fares increased by 20% from 4 pence to 5; the yearly transport cost was more than a months salary for Africans.

In 7 January 1957, thousands (eventually 70,000 total) walked 22 miles to work for 12 weeks. The boycott was met with sympathy.

Alexandra People's Transport Action Committee (APTAC) was formed to co-ordinate the boycott.

CONSEQUENCES: Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce intervened and a deal was reached where the far increase would be subsidised; Native Services Levy Act of 1957 passed to subsidise bus fares for Africans.

The boycott raised prestige of the ANC

sharpeville; 21 march 1960

In early 1960, Pan African Congress was formed by Robert Sobukwe. This was more radical/supremacist/militant in comparison to the moderate, equality driven ANC. Following Alexandra Bus Boycott, PAC wanted to take advantage and protest pass laws.

Sharpeville massacre took place on 21 March 1960, when White policeman opened fire on a crowd of demonstrators outside a police station. Killed many 69 unarmed demonstrators, 8 women, 10 children, 186 people injured. Police officers alleged the demonstrators began throwing stones/provoking the officers.

Main results: inspired ANC to abandon peaceful resistance and embrace armed struggle; Verwoerd had many ANC and PAC leaders arrested and banned the two movements following the April 8 Unlawful Organizations act.

Marked the true beginning of international campaign against apartheid

Rivonia Trial of 1963-64

Named after the suburb where ANC's safe house was located. In this trial, 10 leading opponents of apartheid went on trial.

Many leaders were tried for treason in a case that commanded the attention of the world and given, surprisingly, life sentences rather than death by hanging.

CONSEQUENCES: marked the end of an era in the struggle against apartheid; government had successfully broken ANC and MK (armed wing of the ANC). There was a quiet over townships for over a decade until the Soweto Uprising of 1976.

The ANC continued working and other political movements were formed. Eventually, strikes began in 1973 and open revolt ensured following the 1976 Soweto Uprising. This began the tentative steps towards ending apartheid system

african national congress

Dominant force in the African nationalist opposition to apartheid system between 1948 - 1964.

south african communist party (SACP)

Founded in 1921

Struggle against apartheid drew SACP and ANC closer; key player in moves to further integrate anti-apartheid groups through COP

Umkhonto we sizwe (MK

"spear of the nation" - armed wing of the ANC; formed in 1961 on the anniversary of the Boer victory over Zulu at the Battle of Blood River in 1838

albert luthuli

President general of ANC from 1952 until his death in 1967

He had a lot of moral authority and opposition to any form of violence

nelson mandela

Icon of the freedom struggle. Along with Albert Luthuli, he was the dominant figure in liberation movement from 1948-64.

He was revered for his courage and fortitude; which was further heightened during the Rivonia trial speech when he said the ideal of democracy was one for which he was prepared to die.

sa history prior to 1948

Cape of Good Hope founded in 1652 - Xhosa tribe fought against the Dutch that had settled, and played perhaps some importance in shaping future relations between the races.

British seized Cape Colony and abolished slavery in 1833, causing the Dutch farmers to leave "Great Trek" - they entered areas that were vacated by African tribes, such as the 1838 battle at blood river -- Boers won over Zulus

The Boers eventually won the struggles against African tribes and were victorious - British gave them sovereignty in 1850s

THEN South African War occurred 1899-1902 over uitlander citizenship, so British Empire went to war w/ Boers and won - but the Boers hated them.

Eventually they reconciled and formed the 1910 Union of SA - harmony between the two was seen as most important