Chapter 3 Test - Development in Adolescence (Genetics & Developmental Models)

WE GOT THIS LOCK INNNN

Homozygous

When a person has either two dominant or two excessive traits

Heterozygous

When a person has both a dominant trait and a recessive traits

Genotype

Our genetic makeup, it is completed upon conception

Phenotype

How our genetic makeup is expressed; not always permanent

Continuity model

Changes in children are quantitative - take place in small steps

Discontinuity model

Changes in children are qualitative - take place in sudden transformations or abrupt leaps

• You reach half your adult height at age 2

Stable

Freud believed that by early childhood, your personality was set and could not be changed - usually by age 6

Unstable

Many personality theorists todays believe that there are certain consistencies in behavior over environment

Critical Period

When we must learn some skill or task. If we don’t learn it by a certain time, it may become very difficult

Longitudinal - Developmental Studies

Study one group for a long period of time (within-group design)

Cross-sectional - Developmental Studies

Study multiple groups for a short period of time (between-group design)

Sequential - Developmental Studies

study multiple groups for a long period of time (both within and between-group designs)

Cepahalocaudal Development - Development inside the womb & outside

Head to toe (head structures before feet)

Proximodistal Development - Development inside the womb & outside

center outwards (torso and organs develop before extremities)

Rooting Reflex - Reflexes of children

When you stroke the baby’s cheek or near its mouth, it will turn towards the stroking to find the food source

Eye blink reflex - Reflexes of Children

Reflexive blinking that protects the baby from bright lights and foreign objects

Sucking Reflex - Reflexes of Children

babies instinctively begin to suck at objects placed in the mouth

Moro Reflex - Reflexes of Children

When the baby hears a loud noise or their head falls back, they extend arms out as though they are trying to grab someone

Palmar Reflex

curling of the fingers around an obkect that touches the palms

Plantar reflex

stoke bottom of foot, curl toes

Tonic Neck Reflex (Fencers pose)

present at birth, disappears by 5-7 months

Babinski Reflex

occurs when the great toe flexes toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole has been firmly stroked; abnormal after the age of 1

Visual Cliff Experiment

• 3 month old babies would have their heartbeat decrease when approaching the ledge

• 6 month old babies would have their heartbeat increase when approaching the ledge

Longitudinal study of American babies and found - Temperament (Thomas and Chess)

40% of babies were easy

Easy babies are more likely to ____

be popular, social, independent, and successful

15% of babies

were slow to warm up

10% of babies

were difficult

Difficult babies were

more likely to be involved in law and were less popular and less-liked

35% of the babies were

a mixture of the three

Up to 1.5 years old (Social Development)

child engages in solitary play

1.5 to 2 years old (Social Development)

child engages in parallel play in which they play side by side

15 to 24 months old (1.25-2 years old)

begin to imitate peers

2 years old (Social Development)

begin to have preferences in playmates, gender of friends, does not matter up to 3 years

3 to 3.5 years old

cooperative play; children benign (kind ly and gently) to play with each other and interact

3 years

social pretend play; imitate adult roles with roles (doctor/patient)