Human Communication Exam 2

Relationship between Peception & Communication

Perception Is the active process by which we notice and make sense of things and is critical for creating meaning in conversations and interactions with others. Our perception has an influence on how we converse and see people in our everyday lives. Perception is not always accurate and can lead to wrong perceptions.

Perception, selection , organization, interpretation

-       Perception: The active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities.

Cognitive Schemata: Prototypes, Stereotypes, Scripts

-       One way we organize and interpret experience is by applying cognitive structures called “cognitive schemata.”

-       We use prototypes, stereotypes, and scripts to organize our thinking about people and situations.

-       We use them to make sense of experiences and to predict how we and others will act.

Attribution including Self-Serving Bias & Fundamental Attribution Error

-       Attribution is the act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a certain type of way. We attribute to our own and others' behaviors. People differ what they notice, and the meaning attributed to it.

-       Self serving bias is the tendency to credit ourselves for our positive actions and success which is driven by our protective ego which can make us feel better about who we are. It can also distort our perceptions by denying responsibilities for any failings or taking excessive credit for what we do well which can have a bad look sometimes.

-       Fundamental attribution error is when we make inaccurate attributions

We have the tendency to attribute others negative behaviors solely on internal causes rather than social or environmental factors them.

Influences on Perception

-       Physiological Factors

-       Expectations

-       Cognitive abilities

-       Social roles

-       Culture

Interpersonal Impressions: Gestalt & Algebraic

• Interpersonal impressions are formed through two main approaches: the Gestalt approach, which considers the overall impression as more than the sum of its parts, and the algebraic approach, which evaluates individual traits and characteristics to form an overall judgment.

Definition of Verbal Communication

-  Is symbols in the form of spoken or written words.

Characteristics of Linguistic Symbols: Arbitrariness, Ambiguity, Abstraction

• Linguistic symbols are arbitrary representations of meaning, can be ambiguous in interpretation, and allow for varying levels of abstraction in communication.

• -       Arbitrariness - makes language fun, more flexible, could create new words cause language creates reality. Because language is arbitrary, it can change over time.

   

  -       Ambiguity - Language doesn’t have clear cut, precise meanings

   

  -       Abstraction – words are not as concrete or tangible. Language varies in degrees of abstraction. Speak as concrete as possible.

Communication Principles

-       Since the language is abstract, ambiguous, and arbitrary, we must interpret it to determine what it means. Known as the constitutive view.

-       Interpretation is an active, creative process we use to make sense of experiences

-       Interpretation is a mutual, joint, interactive, diologic process

-       Often not conscious of it, but we’re continually engaged in process of constructing meanings.

Definition of Nonverbal Communication

- All aspects of communication other than words.

Includes gestures, facial expressions, body language, and tone.

Principles of Nonverbal Communication

-       Nonverbal communication is ambiguous

-       Nonverbal behaviors interact with verbal communication

-       Nonverbal communication establishes relationship-level meanings.

Ten Types of Nonverbal Communication

-       Kinesics

-       Haptics

-       Olifacts

-       Artifacts

-       Paralanguage

-       Proxemics

-       Physical appearance

-       Environmental factors

-       Chonemics

•    Silence

Halo & Devil (Reverse Halo) Effect

-       Halo Effect: The tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person based on one positive characteristic

-       Devil Effect: The tendency to form an overall negative impression of a person based on one negative characteristic

Tips for Nonverbal Communication

-       Monitor your nonverbal communication.

•     Interpret others nonverbal communication tentatively.

Role of Perception, Nonverbal & Verbal Communication in Internship/Job Interviews

The role of perception in communication during interviews influences how candidates are evaluated based on their nonverbal cues and verbal responses. Effective communication skills are crucial for making positive impressions and conveying qualifications.