Cell Structure and Function

Flashcards covering vocabulary and definitions related to cell structure and function for an upcoming exam.

Cell Theory

The scientific theory that states that all living things are composed of cells, which is the basic unit of life.

Surface area-to-volume ratio

A measure that describes how much surface area an object has relative to its volume; larger ratios allow for more efficient transport of materials in and out of the cell.

Prokaryotic Cells

Simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea.

Nucleoid region

Part of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located, typically in a single coiled chromosome.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines in cells that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA).

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that functions as a channel system for the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that receives vesicles from the ER, modifies them, and repackages them for distribution within or outside the cell.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes used to digest food and broken organelles within a cell.

Vacuoles

Membranous sacs within cells, particularly large in plant cells, that serve various functions including storage.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce ATP through the process of oxidative metabolism, serving as the main energy source for cells.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that provides structural support, shape, and movement for the cell.

Centrioles

Cylindrical structures found in animal cells that play a key role in organizing microtubules during cell division.

Intercellular Junctions

Specialized connections between cells that allow them to communicate, exchange materials, and maintain tissue integrity.

Extracellular Matrix

A network outside of cells composed of glycoproteins that provide support, strength, and assist in cell signaling.

Cell Walls

Rigid structures surrounding the plasma membrane of plant cells, providing support and protection, primarily made of cellulose.