APush UNIT 4 (Based on study guide)

American perception of the French Revolution

Initially viewed positively for spreading republicanism, but later divided with Federalists fearing its violence and Democratic-Republicans maintaining sympathy.

Secretary of War Henry Knox's approach to Native Americans

Advocated for assimilation and treating Native tribes as sovereign nations via treaties, while pressuring them to move west.

Treaty of Greenville

A 1795 treaty that forced Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley to cede most of their lands to the U.S. government after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Republican Motherhood

The belief that women had the duty to raise their children as virtuous, educated citizens committed to republican ideals.

Status of public education in the early 19th century

Largely underdeveloped, often reliant on private tutors or religious schools, focusing mainly on primary education.

Emma Willard

A pioneer in women's education who founded the Troy Female Seminary in 1821, one of the first higher education schools for women in the U.S.

Second Great Awakening

A wave of religious revivalism starting in the late 1790s, leading to various social reforms such as temperance and abolition.

State of Southern society in the early nineteenth century

Dominated by the expansion of King Cotton and the entrenchment of slavery as a central institution.

Growth of the textile industry

Fueled by the Embargo Act and the War of 1812, focusing on domestic production primarily in New England.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in U.S. history caused by overspeculation in western lands and a contraction of credit by the Second Bank.

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court case ruling that the Bank of the United States was constitutional and that states could not tax federal institutions.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court case ruling that the federal government has the exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Treaty with Spain that resulted in the U.S. acquiring Florida and defining the border between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish territory.

Missouri Crisis of 1820 / Missouri Compromise

Events regarding Missouri's admission as a state and the resulting compromise to maintain the balance between slave and free states.

U.S. election of 1800

Referred to as the 'Revolution of 1800', it marked the peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Democratic-Republican Vision of the U.S.

Advocated for limited federal government, strict constitutional interpretation, agrarian society, and close ties with France.

Jefferson's anti-federalist policies

Actions to limit federal power, including reducing military size, cutting taxes, and pardoning those jailed under the Sedition Act.

Virginia Dynasty

The period from 1801-1825 when the presidency was held by three Democratic-Republicans from Virginia: Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Acquisition of 800,000 square miles of territory from France for $15 million, effectively doubling the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804)

A two-year expedition commissioned by Jefferson to map the Louisiana Purchase and explore its resources.

Embargo Act of 1807

Law that prohibited American ships from trading in foreign ports, which severely damaged the U.S. economy.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over impressment of sailors and support for Native American resistance, ending with the Treaty of Ghent.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who sought to unite Native American tribes to resist U.S. expansion.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Decisive American victory led by Andrew Jackson over the British after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists to discuss grievances regarding the War of 1812, seen as a sign of disunity.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, guaranteeing fundamental civil rights.

“Necessary and proper” clause

Grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary for carrying out its enumerated powers; basis for implied powers.

Federalist ideas

Supported a strong national government, loose constitutional interpretation, commercial economy, and close ties with Britain.

Hamilton’s 1789 financial plan

A program to strengthen U.S. credit by assuming state debts and chartering a national bank.

History of the Bank of the United States

First (1791-1811) and Second (1816-1836) Banks established to manage national finances and stabilize the currency.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 uprising against the excise tax on whiskey, which Washington suppressed to demonstrate federal authority.

Jay’s Treaty

1795 agreement with Britain that averted war and addressed British troops' withdrawal from U.S. territory.

George Washington's Farewell Address

Washington's warning against the dangers of political parties and permanent foreign alliances.

U.S. election of 1796

The first contested presidential election, resulting in John Adams as President and Thomas Jefferson as Vice President.

The XYZ Affair

1797 incident where French agents demanded a bribe from American envoys, leading to the Quasi-War with France.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed in 1798 that restricted immigration and allowed for the jailing of government critics.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political statements arguing that states can nullify unconstitutional federal laws in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

John Wise

A Puritan minister who advocated for democracy in both church and state.

George Whitefield

Charismatic Anglican evangelist known for powerful sermons during the Great Awakening.

Cotton Mather

Influential Puritan minister known for writings and involvement in the Salem Witch Trials.

Jonathan Edwards

Key theologian of the Great Awakening, known for his fire-and-brimstone sermons.