APush UNIT 4 (Based on study guide)

American perception of French Revolution	Initially viewed positively as a spread of republicanism, but later divided: Federalists feared its violence; Democratic-Republicans maintained sympathy.
Secretary of War, Henry Knox's approach to Native Americans	Advocated for a policy of assimilation and treating Native tribes as sovereign nations via treaties, while simultaneously pressuring them to move west.
Treaty of Greenville	A 1795 treaty following the Battle of Fallen Timbers, forcing Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley to cede most of their lands to the U.S. government.
Idea of Republican Motherhood	The belief that women had the duty to raise their children (especially sons) to be virtuous, educated citizens committed to the new republican ideals.
Status of public education	Largely underdeveloped in the early 19th century; often reliant on private tutors or religious schools. The focus was mainly on primary education.
Emma Willard	A pioneer in women's education; founded the Troy Female Seminary (1821), one of the first higher education schools for women in the U.S.
Second Great Awakening	A wave of religious revivalism (starting late 1790s) characterized by camp meetings and an emphasis on personal salvation, leading to various social reforms (temperance, abolition).
state of Southern society in the early nineteenth century	Increasingly dominated by the expansion of King Cotton (the cotton gin) and the entrenchment of slavery as a central institution of wealth and labor.
Growth of the textile industry	Fueled by the Embargo Act and the War of 1812, which forced domestic production; centered in New England and using the factory system (often with women workers).
Panic of 1819	The first major financial crisis in U.S. history; caused by overspeculation in western lands and a contraction of credit by the Second Bank of the United States.
McCullough v. Maryland	Supreme Court case (1819) that ruled the Bank of the United States was constitutional ("necessary and proper") and that states could not tax a federal institution. Affirmed national supremacy.
Gibbons v. Ogden	Supreme Court case (1824) ruling that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce (trade between states).
Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819	Treaty with Spain in which the U.S. acquired Florida and defined the border between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish territory in the West.
Missouri Crisis of 1820 / Missouri Compromise	US election 1800	A pivotal election known as the "Revolution of 1800"; Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking the peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.
	Democratic-Republican Vision of U.S.	Advocated for a limited federal government, strict interpretation of the Constitution, an agrarian (farming) society, and close ties with France. Leaders included Jefferson and Madison.
	Jefferson anti-federalist policies	Actions taken by Jefferson to limit federal power, such as reducing the size of the military, cutting taxes, and pardoning those jailed under the Sedition Act.
	Virginia Dynasty	The period (1801–1825) when the Presidency was held by a succession of three Democratic-Republicans from Virginia: Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe.
	Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Supreme Court case establishing the principle of judicial review—the power of the court to declare a law unconstitutional. Chief Justice was John Marshall.
	Louisiana Purchase 1803	The acquisition of over 800,000 square miles of territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and securing control of the Mississippi River.
	Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804	A two-year expedition commissioned by Jefferson to map the Louisiana Purchase, explore its resources, and find a water route to the Pacific Ocean.
	Embargo Act of 1807	A law passed by Jefferson that prohibited all American ships from trading in all foreign ports to pressure Britain and France; it severely damaged the U.S. economy.
	War of 1812	Conflict between the U.S. and Britain (1812-1815), primarily over British impressment of American sailors and support for Native American resistance. Ended with the Treaty of Ghent.
	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief and warrior who attempted to unite Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory to resist U.S. expansion.
	Battle of New Orleans 1815	A decisive American victory led by Andrew Jackson over the British after the Treaty of Ghent ending the war had been signed (but before news arrived).
	Hartford Convention	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, guaranteeing fundamental rights like free speech, assembly, and religion.
		“necessary and proper” clause	Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution; grants Congress the power to make all laws which are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its enumerated powers. Basis for implied powers.
		Federalist ideas	Advocated for a strong national government, a loose interpretation of the Constitution, a commercial economy, and close ties with Britain. Leaders included Hamilton and Adams.
		Hamilton’s 1789 financial plan	A program to strengthen U.S. credit by having the federal government assume state debts and chartering a national bank (Bank of the United States).
		History of the Bank of the United States	First Bank (1791-1811) established by Hamilton to handle the nation's finances; Second Bank (1816-1836) chartered after the War of 1812 to stabilize the currency.
		Whiskey Rebellion	A 1794 uprising by Pennsylvania farmers who opposed Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. Washington personally led troops to suppress it, demonstrating the strength of the new federal government.
		Jay’s Treaty	A controversial 1795 agreement with Britain that averted war and provided for the withdrawal of British troops from the Northwest Territory, but failed to address impressment.
		George Washington's Farewell Address	Washington's 1796 warning against the dangers of political parties and the formation of permanent foreign alliances (entanglements).
		US election 1796	The first contested U.S. presidential election, resulting in Federalist John Adams as President and Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson as Vice President.
		The XYZ Affair	A 1797 diplomatic incident where French agents demanded a bribe from American envoys before negotiating, leading to the undeclared Quasi-War with France.
		Alien and Sedition Acts	Four laws passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens and allowed the jailing of critics of the government.
		Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Political statements drafted by Jefferson and Madison in 1798 and 1799, arguing that the states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws (a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts).

John Wise	A Puritan minister who argued strongly for democracy in both church and state, influencing later revolutionary thinkers.
George Whitefield	The most charismatic and influential Anglican evangelist of the Great Awakening; known for his powerful, dramatic open-air sermons.
Cotton Mather	Influential Puritan minister and author in Massachusetts; known for his voluminous writings and his controversial involvement in the Salem Witch Trials.
Jonathan Edwards	A key theologian of the **Great Awakening