History - Industrialism & Reform

Why did cowboys drive their cattle north from Texas along the Chisholm Trail?

To ship their cattle to markets in eastern cities like Chicago

What is National Grange?

Frustrated farmers

Man people came to California in the mid-1800s in search of what?

Gold

The rising tide of migration to the West in the 1800s brought?

Colonists in conflict with the Indigenous people

What was a major challenge that architects of the first transcontinental railroad faced?

Rough terrain; attacks from Indigenous people; shortage of workers

How did the Dawes Act strike at the heart of Indigenous culture?

By breaking up Indigenous reservations into individual, rather than group, plots of land

What did the Homestead Act provide to colonists?

The opportunity to own 160 acres of land for a small fee and an agreement to work it for 5 years

Why were farmers upset with the gold standard?

Kept both prices and farmers’ incomes down

Why did the US government set up schools for Indigenous children?

The government wanted to assimilate Indigenous people into the US culture

Henry Ford’s method for mass-produce automobiles

Assembly Line

What are significant innovations in America during the 1800s?

Oil drilling and refining; the commercial telephone line; the powered airplane

What are generalizations of factory workers in the late 1800s?

6 days a week for 10 hours or more each day. repetitive tasks in hazardous environments. poor working conditions

What were pull factors that drew European immigrants to the US after the Civil War?

farmland

Describe the experience of immigrants landing at Angel Island

Many were detained for weeks and sometimes months

What characterizes life in the US for European immigrants?

arrived with little money or few possessions and had to work hard to make a living.

Why did the arrival of industry spur rapid urbanization in America?

Industrial jobs brought rural residents and immigrants to the cities

By the 1900s, industrialization had greatly impacted the natural environment. One major contribution to this was?

a rise of extractive industries

What progressive reform allows citizens of a state to propose and pass a law without involving their state legislatures?

Initiative

How did Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson work to protect the environment?

Preserving land for national parks

What effect did the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 have on medicine manufacturers?

It required the product to be tested and approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Describe negative aspects of industrialism

Work in factories was repetitive and often dangerous

What describes a laissez-faire economic policy

the government should leave businesses alone

why is Andrew Carnegie considered a philanthropist

used wealth to benefit society

what business strategy involves joining together many firms from the same industry?

Horizontal integration

what major factors led to the rise of big business and monopolies in the 1900s?

lack of competition, social darwinism, a policy of laissez-faire economies

what did the Pullman Strike, Haymarket, Affair, and Homestead Strike have in common?

marked by violence

what were the “bread-and-butter” objectives of labor unions?

Higher wages, shorter work hours, better working conditions

what was a weapon used by labor unions when negotiation with business owners fail?

strike

what was a danger of living in tenements in impoverished areas?

disease flourished in the conditions of tenements

what is a factor why people were pushed to leave Europe?

Devastating famine that resulted form crop failure.

Why did Congress make it illegal for US employers to hire contract laborers?

Prevent companies from hiring immigrants to replace striking workers

What is true of Chinese immigration?

Passing of the Chinese Exclusion Act caused immigration from China to fall dramatically

Mexican immigrants that entered the US from the South

Immigrated because wanted to escape poverty and civil unrest

What best describes New York’s Lower East Side in 1900?

A densely populated neighborhood with an inadequate infrastructure.

what did Upton Sinclair expose threaders with his 1906 novel The Jungle?

Unsanitary conditions in the meat packing plants

Why did many children in the 1900s not attend school?

Often worked for wages to support family

What was the purpose of the Pendleton Act?

to reform the Civil service system

Why did many immigrant live in ethnic neighborhoods?

tended to cluster together, could preserve their customs, often barred from other areas

What were the goals of the NAACP during the Progressive Era?

Secure the passage of anti-lynching laws, use legal system to fight segregation, ensure equal rights for all African Americans

In rejecting _____, progressives argued that domination by the rich and powerful was a distortion of democracy.

Social Darwinism

What power did referendum provide to voters?

Voters had the final say on whether or not a state law would be passed

In addition to the Pure Food and Drug Act, what other laws were put in place to protect people?

Child Labor laws banned certain types of companies from hiring workers younger than 14

What is one reason why Roosevelt’s support of Taft diminished after Taft became president?

Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, which raised tariffs

Significant policies from Roosevelt’s Presidency

Trustbusting; Square Deal; Conservation of Natural Resources Panama Canal Construction; New Nationalism; Gentlemen’s Agreement; Bull Moose Party

Significant policies from Taft’s Presidency

Dollar Diplomacy; Support for the 19th Amendment; Anti-trust litigation against standard oil; Payne-Aldrich Tarriff

Significant policies from Wilson’s Presidency

Progressive Income Tax; Federal Reserve Act; New Freedom; moral diplomacy; Clayton Antitrust Act; League of Nations; FTC

The Populist Party was formed in urban areas to represent the interests of industrial workers

False

The Haymarket Affair in 1886 was a significant even that highlighted labor unrest and the struggle for workers’ rights

True

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 led to significant improvements in workplace safety regulations

False

The temperance movement aimed to promote the use of alcohol and a means of social reform

False

The Gilded Age is often associated with political corruption and economic inequality

True

Muckrakers were journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices during the Progressive Era

True

The settlement house movement aimed to provide social services and restrict immigration based on nationality

True

The initiative, referendum, and recall are all measures introduced during the Progressive Era to increase direct democracy

True