Intro midterm

William Gilbert

Established much of the basic terminology still used in the field of electromagnetics, including electricity, electric attraction and force and magnetic pole

Robert Boyle

The volume of gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

Isaac Newton

Discovered the static generator

Steam Energy

Produces Electrical current

Principia

He determined that there laws of notion for the universe

Osmolality

a measure of the concentration of solute particles.

First law

an object at rest will remain at rest

second law

the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it

Third law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Charles De Fay

In 1733, a french chemist announced that electricity consisted of two fluids

Vitreous

glass, positive

Resinous

electricity, negative

Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet

Discovered osmosis moving water without external input of energy

Benjamin Franklin

Lighting a source of energy kite experiment

Published the “poor richards almanack” from 1733-1758

William Watson

In 1745, he discovered the “Leyden Jar” stores electricity between two electrodes on the inside and outside of a jar

William Morgan

1n 1875, coolidge tube-passing of electrical charges in a glass tube producing a different color inside the vacuum

Michael Faraday

1791-1867, an apprentice of Humpy Davy, a famous scientist during those time.

He is famous for his contributions to the understanding of electricity and electrochemistry

First law faraday

one of the primary laws of electrolysis

Second law faraday

states that if the same amount of electricity is passed through electrolysis

Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkroff

in 1851, he discovered the induction coil

Ruhmkorff lamp

Modern portable fluorescent lamp

Johann Wilhelm Hittorf

In 1869, he ascertained that the cathode rays glowed different color because of different gasses and pressures

Philipp Lenard

In 1898 invented a cathode rat tube with a aluminum window through which the rays could pass into the open air using a phosphorus

William Godspeed

He produces a radiograph in 1890.

Johann Heinrich Schultze

In 1727, the final photographs copy of written material was produced

Richard Leach Maddox

He produced a film with gelatin silver. Radiographic Film

George Eastman

In 1982, he formed the dry plate company. Produced and patented roll paper film in radiography

Radiation

To provide a controlled flow of electrons intense enough to produce an x-ray beam appropriate for imaging

Radiation

25-150 kVp at tubr, current of 100-2000 mA

kVp

Kilo Voltage Peak

mAs

Milli Ampere Range

X-ray tube

component of the x-ray imaging system that is rarely seen by the radiologic technologist.

Ceiling support systems

Supports the tube and moves it vertically, horizontally and diagonally

types of support system

ceiling mounted x-ray tube

floor-mounted x-ray tube

floor to ceiling mounted x-ray tube

Ceiling mounted x-ray tube

most used support system

Protective housing (Pb) lead

made of up of lead lined with aluminum with diala oil. Guards against excessive radiation exposure and electrical socks, it provides mechanical support for the x-ray tube and it protects it from damage caused by rough handling.

Diala oil

used to dissipate heat and added cushion to the x-ray tube

glass/metal enclosure envelope

uses pyrex glass/metal. It maintains a vacuum inside the x-ray tube for longer tube life that are less likely fail

Pyrex glass

it's resilient enough to handle exposure to temperatures of up to 425°

window

thinner part of the envelope where the useful beam is emitted

Anode block or stem (Cu) copper

block that supports the target

Stationary

made up of copper block where the target is embedded, used in dental x-ray and some portable imaging system

panorama and dental x-ray

used stationary block

moving

it is rotating disc that allows the electron beam to interact with a much larger target area

stator

used to supply electromagnetic

rotor

used to rotate the anode

target (Mo) molybdenum, rhodium, and tungsten

the area of the anodes struct by electrons from the cathode that will produce x-ray

Rheniated Tungsten

Molybdenum, Rhodium, and Tungsten

Focusing Cup (Ni) Nickel

it is where the filament is embedded, electrostatically confines electron beam to a small area of the anode

Filament

it is a coil of wire measuring 2mm in diameter and 1-2 cm i length, made up of thoriated tungsten where the source of projectile electron

types of x-ray interaction

characteristic: 30%

bremsstrahlung: 70%

=heat 1%

Peaks

other fast electrons accelerated from the filament knock out inner shell electrons from target material. Discrete energy levels lead to peaks in the x-ray spectrum

x-ray spectrum

energy spectrum or plot of number of x-ray of each energy. Most of spectrum from bremmstrahlung

Hot filament

source of electrons

kVp

accelerating electrons

Electric field

focus electrons

Breaking radiation

the electrons suddenly deccelerate in the heavy metal targets. To conserve momentum an x-ray is emitted continous energies

Projectile electrons

are electrons travelling from the cathode to the anode, it constitute the x-ray tube current.

Useful beam

useful electrons that are used for image production

Useful beam

99% heat

1% x-ray production

Ionization

removal of electron from the orbital shell

voltage

the potential difference

POI (part of interest)

all parts with bones

energy

x-ray

special consideration

exposure and technical factors

mAs

Milli ampere range (Quantity of radiation) determines the overall blackness of a radiograph

milli ampere x time (in sec)

mAs formula

thickness of patient in cm x 2 + machine constant (either 50 or 70)

kVp formula

kVp

Kilo voltage peak (quality of radiation) difference in density

Examination sample

skeletal survey (whole body x-ray) for ca patients to r/o metastases skull t/c, f/x extarminates bone, ca r/o fx

short scale

high contract ex: SRF of blood vessels

Long scale

low contract ex: general radiograph

skeletal Related Events

SRE

Caliper

measuring tool to measure the thickness of patients in cm

Rule out

r/o

to consider

t/c

fracture

F/x

patient

R/x

Diagnosis

D/x

axial bones

80 bones within the central core of your body

appendicular

compromised of the upper and lower extremities , which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.

Nurse

has all around the clock, contact with patients and must provide the physical and emotional support of a patient needs due to their illness of disability.

24/7

24 hours in a week

Medical technologist

works in the clinical laboratory which they will provide diagnosis(Dx) and therapeutic (Tx) information analysis of urine and other bodily fluids, hematologic analysis complete blood count.

Blood chemistry

lipid profile of patients (cholesterols), DNA analysis, Histopathologic techniques (biopsy/ Bx)

Nutritionist and Dieticians

their primary task is to prepare patients by counseling and informing them in planning modified menu and therapeutic diets including counseling the patients on their nutrition in a hospital operating food service.

Physical Therapist

performs therapeutic procedures that includes exercise/body movements to increase strength, endurance, coordination, and range of motion

range of motion

ROM

Occupational Therapist

evaluates the psycho-social and physical needs and capabilities of an individuals, develops treatments programs and determines the necessary therapeutic activities and procedures to patient.

Respiratory Therapist

administers therapeutic procedures such as IPPB, aerosol therapy, Postural damage, airway management, and pulmonary function testing (PFT)

Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing

IPPB

Paramedics

they provide medical care under the supervision of emergency doctor

Basic Life Support

BLS

Advance Cardiac Life Support

ACLS

Cardiac Life Support

CPR

Endotracheal Tube (ambu bag/ bag value mask)

ET

Pharmacist

Primary dispense drugs/medicine to patients, reads, prescriptions of doctors and dispense drugs to the right patients ad check, the total number of medicine/drugs that needs to be consumed by the patient

Radiologic Technologist

Is an auxiliary branch of radiology that deals with the technical application of radiation that is needed for therapeutic and diagnosis of patient

Informed Consent

is basically explaining to your patients the risk and benefits of a proposed procedure or intervention specially during special procedure that a contrast medium is introduced

*any significant long term and/or short term physical, emotional, mental side effects associated with the proposed exam

*other options for investigating, diagnosing, and treating the condition

*the nature of exam

*the potential consequences

*who will perform the proposed exam, including their state and the experience they have

informed consent must contain the following