AP World: Ways of the World: Chapter 5 {FULL}

Scholar-Gentry Class

A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.

Emperor Wu Di

Established an Imperial academy where potential officials were trained as scholars and immersed in texts dealing with history, literature, art and mathematics, with an emphasis on Confucian teachings.

Wang Mang

A high court official of the Han Dynasty who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates and divided with the landless.

Peasants

The backbone of China.

Ge Hong

A famous advocate of immortality who lived from 284 to 363 and was the author of The Master Embracing Simplicity. He was an eclectic thinker who aspired to reconcile Daoism and Confucianism and sought immortality through alchemy but also through the written word.

Yellow Turban Rebellion

A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.

Caste as Varna

The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaisya merchant/farmer class, and the Sudra laborer class.

Brahmin

A member of the highest of the four Hindu Varna's, priest.

Kshatriya

Second caste as Varna's. Warriors, rulers, and politicians

Vaisya

Third highest caste as Varna's. Traders, farmers, herders, merchants.

Sudra

Lowes caste as Varna (Not Untouchables), Peasants; working class

Jati

sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function

Ritual Purity in India Social Practice

In India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with images and objects of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.

Greek Slavery

Slavery is hereditary, and not as abusive as roman slavery. It can also be taken up if one is in extreme debt. Slaves can be conquered people or debtors, in other words.

Spartacus

Roman slave who led a rebellion against the Roman army and was later crucified with 6,000 of his followers.

The Three Obedience's

China classical era ritual women required to perform in Han China in which they symbolically submitted to obey her father before marriage, her husband when married, and her sons in widowhood.

Patriarchy

A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

Empress Wu

(690 - 705 C.E.) Tang ruler who supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created.

Pericles

An Athenian leader who transformed Athens into a community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects and who was a big promoter of democracy.

Helots

Spartan word for their slaves, captive peoples who were forced to work for their conquerors.

Appian

Greek historian who reported that Spartacus ordered the sacrifice of 300 Roman prisoners in honor of the slain rebel leader Crixus.

Aspasia

Notable woman who was not restricted to Athens' patriarchy. Born in the Greek city of Miletus, soon attracted the attention of Pericles, Athens' leading political figure. Soon live together as huband and wife until Pericles died, not officially married.

hataera

Aspasia's foreign birth and her apparent influence on Pericles provoked critics to suggest that she was ___________, a professional, educated, high-class entertainer and sexual companion, similar to a Japanese geisha.

militaristic regime

Sparta's answer was a ______________, constantly ready for war to keep the helots in their place.

reproduction

central tasks for women in Spartan society.

40

Aristotle complained that the more egalitarian inheritance practices of Spartans led to their women controlling some _____% of landed estates.

Plutarch

Greek writer during the heyday of the Roman Empire, observed critically that "the men of Sparta always obeyed their wives."

homosexuality

Sparta was particularly more restrictive than Athens and other Greek city-states, particularly in its apparent prohibition of ____________.

Xenophon

Athenian writer who stated that Sparta's legendary founder Lycurgus "caused lovers to abstain from sexual intercourse with boys."

Chezi K. Gansen

declared that "Caste has no impact on life today." was a Nadar, ranking about the "untouchables"

Harijan

what Mahatma Gandhi referred to the untouchables as, meaning "children of God"

Po-Chu I

Poet from Tang dynasty China, wrote poem titled "After passing the Examination"

Taxation and population growth

more problems that arose in China, generated a class of large landowners as impoverished peasants.

Gold elixir

What Ge-Hong dreamed of creating, something that could promote longevity and transcendence.

100 Tablets of cloth

Reward that Ge Hong received after , leading a small group of soldiers to crush a local rebellion.

qi

In Ge-Hong's writings, he explored various techniques for enhancing ___, vital energy that sustains all life.

1%

percentage of people in China that were slaves

Ox

Aristotle claimed that this was the poor man's slave.

Karma

being born into a particular caste generally regarded as reflecting the good or bad deeds of a previous life.

Dharma

Any hope for rebirth in a higher caste rested on the faithful and selfless performance of one's present caste duties in this life.

social death

Slavery in Rome meant ownership by a master, the possibility of being sold, working without pay, and the status of outsider. For most, it was a kind of "___________".

religious writings and secular law

reason why most people were not slaves in India.

60,000 or 1/3 of the population

Amount of people in Classical Athens who were slaves.

2-3 million, or 33-40% of the population

Amount of people in Roman society who were slaves.

Carthage

In 146 BCE, following the destruction of the North African city ______, some 55,000 people were enslaved en masse.

Augustine

Christian Saint who described slavery as God's punishment for sin.

latifundia

In rural areas throughout the Roman Empire, slaves provided much of the labor force on the huge estates, or ________, which produced grain, olive oil, and wine.

Marcus Licinius Crassus

general appointed as military commander against Spartacus's revolt. Ordered about 40,000 troops against them.

yin

lower principle of Chinese patriarchy was viewed as feminine and associated with earth, subjects (of a ruler), weakness, emotion, and darkness

yang

superior principle of Chinese patriarchy was viewed as masculine and related to Heaven, rulers, strength, rationality, and light

mother

Daoist texts referred to the dao as __________ and urged the traditionally feminine virtues of yielding and passive acceptance rather than the male-oriented striving of Confucianism

Andromache

female character in the Greek play The Trojan Women written by playwright Euripides that supported women's wrights

Menander

Greek writer that exclaimed: "Teaching a woman to read and write? What a terrible thing to do! Like feeding a vile snake on more poison."

Terentius Neo

prominent business man from Pompeii and elected public official

lararia

household shrines in Pompeii

Isis

Egyptian goddess who restored her brother Osiris to life

genius

the center of the shrine, spirit of the male head of household

Isis

Egyptian goddess who restored her brother Osiris to life

lararia

household shrines in Pompeii

Terentius Neo

prominent business man from Pompeii and elected public official

Andromache

female character in the Greek play The Trojan Women written by playwright Euripides that supported women's wrights