AP Biology Final Test Review

Flashcards for AP Biology final exam review.

What are Plasmids?

Round circular DNA that contains useful, but non-essential genes.

What is Population Dispersion?

How a population is organized within an ecosystem; can be clumped, uniform, or random.

In DNA replication on the lagging strand, what structures are built on new templates exposed by the constantly moving replication fork?

Okazaki fragments

What term describes features like bark-covered trunks in oaks and maples that are similar due to a recent common ancestor shared by both oaks and maples?

Homologous structures

Where does peristalsis occur in the digestive system?

Primarily in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine; digestive tract.

Which bonds maintain the primary structure of a protein?

Peptide bonds

What macromolecule makes up the nuclear envelope?

Lipids (phospholipids)

Which organelle is used to alter and repackage the products of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Golgi apparatus

A research scientist measures the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour and finds 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. What is the source of the extra ATP?

Cyclic phosphorylation

What color is a Labrador retriever with the genotype bbEe?

Brown

Squirrels can have black fur or brown fur. Brown fur is dominant and black fur is recessive. A scientist examines a population of squirrels and determines that there are 40 black squirrels and 30 brown squirrels. If they do a chi squared analysis how many degrees of freedom would they use?

1

Aside from mitosis or meiosis, which of the following also occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle?

Cytokinesis

During translation, where is the first tRNA located in the large subunit of the ribosome?

P-site of large subunit

Which one of the following is formed between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA

How do bacteria normally reproduce?

Binary fission

Which of the following traits is an example of polygenic inheritance?

Skin color, eye color, hair color, hair type, height, etc.

Which of the following produces the most ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following happens during meiosis 1?

Homologous chromosomes combine to form tetrads.

Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters?

RNA polymerase is able to attach to the promoter region of the DNA

In the plasma membrane what term describes when a charged particle moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration through channel protein?

Facilitated diffusion

Which type of membrane protein is found within the cell membrane, but does not span the entire thickness?

Peripheral membrane

What type of succession involves the colonization of a new habitat?

Primary

Which of the following prevents DNA from forming supercoils and tangling during DNA replication?

Topoisomerases

Which functional group is seen in the image above?

Carboxyl

Which metabolic pathway requires a proton gradient?

Chemiosmosis + oxidative phosphorylation

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency for the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?

0.09

Which of the following processes is anaerobic?

Glycolysis

Between which two genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination?

Between A and G

Which of the following terms describes when a bacteria takes DNA from the surrounding environment?

Transformation

Photorespiration occurs when rubisco combines RuBP with what?

O2

When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result?

The gene is involved on the X chromosome

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same what?

No two species with the same niche can occupy the same habitat/environment, it will result in local extinction or resource partitioning

In CRISPR what carries both the crispr RNA and tracr RNA?

CAS proteins

During which phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S Phase

If DNA samples were composed of 15% adenine, what would be the percentage of cytosine?

35%, A=T, C=G

Which term describes the primitive nutrient rich ocean found on early Earth?

Primordial sea

Which of the following was a belief held by LaMarck?

Species could not go extinct, (extinction was not real + species only evolved)

Which functional group is used by prokaryotic cells so they do not accidentally cut their own DNA with restriction enzymes?

Methyl

During the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle, what is formed?

2 PGA (first stable intermediate)

Which of the following is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

In the G protein coupled reaction, an alpha subunit exchanged a GDP for what substance?

GTP

In ecology, what determines which biome is seen in an area?

Precipitation and temperature

In the Hardy Weinberg equation, what does p^2 stand for?

AA

What type of bond is seen in a single water molecule between hydrogen and oxygen atoms?

polar covalent bond

How many FADH2 are produced in the Krebs cycle per pyruvate?

1

Histone proteins and methylation can be used to prevent a gene from being expressed. What is the name of this fine tuning of the genes beyond the sequences of themselves?

Epigenetics

In the electron transport chain of PS2, what is the final electron acceptor?

None of the above

In tuna and white sharks, what structure helps these fish retain heat?

Rate mirabile

Which genetic pattern describes the color blindness trait in humans?

Sex linked inheritance

Which term describes the maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions?

Biotic potential

In the G coupled protein reaction, what is another name for the signal molecule?

Ligand

Dogs and wolves have a difference in their DNA of 0.2%. Dogs and coyotes have a difference of 4%. Therefore dogs are more closely related to wolves than coyotes. Which term describes the tool used to show these evolutionary relationships?

Molecular biology

During translation, what binds to a stop codon?

A release factor (a protein)

Which of the following is NOT a tip for taking the AP biology test suggested by Albert.io?

Know how to produce a standard lab report

In the CRISPR system, what is the function of tracrRNA?

Stabilize the system

What term describes an organism that can use their metabolism to maintain their body temperature?

Endothermic

Who was able to take away the specialized function of skin cells in mouse tissue culture and produce pluripotent stem cells?

None of the above

Which of the following individuals discovered the alpha helix structure of proteins?

Pauling

Which of the following is not true about mitosis?

The nuclear envelope disappears completely

Who hypothesized that simple molecules were able to form on early Earth since O2 was absent?

Haldone

Where can the G protein be found in the cell?

Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells

SSR (simple sequence repeats) and STR (Short Tandem repeats) are examples of what type of DNA?

Repetitive DNA sequences

If a data set is normally distributed what percentage of the data lies within two standard deviations?

95%

In the G coupled protein signal transduction pathway, what bonds to the regulatory portions of the protein kinase?

CAMP

Which of the following contains an operon?

None of the above

Which of the following is NOT true about meiosis?

It does not contain prometaphase

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes move to opposite poles?

Anaphase

Which of the following is the best explanation of why an energy pyramid is pyramid shaped?

Most energy at each trophic level is used by the organisms; most starts out at bottom, diminishes as it goes up because more organisms take up more energy

What term describes the structure that connects sister chromatids in a chromosome?

Centromere

What form of mimicry describes where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of harmful species directed at a predator of them both?

Batestian

What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals?

9:3:3:1

Which statistic is calculated by dividing the square root of the number of samples into the standard deviation?

Standard error

Which of the following statistics describes how spread a data set is around the mean?

Standard deviation

Which protein prevents the template strands from reattaching during DNA replication?

SSBP (single strand binding proteins)

Which statistic is used to produce error bars?

Standard error

Which of the following is a correct monomer/polymer pairing?

Amino acid + polypeptide

What term describes the genetic pattern where a genotype causes multiple phenotypes?

Pleiotropy

What term describes the stable community that results after succession?

Climax community

What do grazers eat?

Grass

What term describes an organism that harms another organism by placing their larva into them?

Parasitoid

During an action potential, what term describes when too many K+ leave the neuron?

Repolarization

Which of the following is found in the electron transport chain of photo system 2?

Plastocyanin

Which of the following is not true about a K selected species?

They experience exponential growth (they actually experience logistic)

A population of red fish lives in a bay in california. These fish dig holes to live in and then prey on small shrimp as they pass. A second population of the fish hunts using the same strategy in the same area. In addition, the second fish has a yellow body color. Seeing these two groups a scientist puts the two populations in the same place. What definition of a species does the scientist use?

Ecological

On a cladogram, what term describes a point where a group of organisms divides into different taxonomic groups of species?

Node

Which of the following is a true statement?

There are many classes in a phylum

In pea plants, the tall trait is dominant to the short trait. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short?

0%

Which of the following organisms typically reproduce by parthenogenesis?

Ants

How do O2 and CO2 travel through the cell membrane?

Through simple diffusion

What are the similarities between Cellulose and Starch?

They are both polysaccharides, made up of glucose units, serve as energy storage molecules, found in plant cells

What is the function of the ribozyme?

Ribosomal RNA that speeds up chemical reactions

What is the location of cholesterol in animal cells?

Plasma membrane of animal cell

What color is a Labrador retriever with BbEe?

Black

Who discovered endosymbiont theory?

Lynn Margulis

What is the location where DNA replication occurs?

Nucleus

What is the most commonly recurring number in a data set called?

Mode

The N in the formula for population growth represents what?

Population size

What makes sweat effective at cooling the body?

It releases heat through evaporation and cooling

What bonds to the small subunit?

mRNA

What is the biome in Anaheim?

Chaparral