AP Biology Final Test Review

Plasmids

• Round, circular DNA containing useful but non-essential genes.

Population Dispersion

• Describes how a population is organized within an ecosystem.
• Can be clumped, uniform, or random.

Okazaki Fragments

• Structures built on new templates of the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Homologous Structures

• Similar structures in different organisms due to a recent common ancestor.
• Example: Oak and maple trees both having trunks with bark coverings.

Peristalsis

• Occurs primarily in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (digestive tract).

Peptide Bonds

• Maintain the primary structure of a protein.

Nuclear Envelope

• Made up of lipids (phospholipids).

Golgi Apparatus

• Organelle used to alter and repackage products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Cyclic Phosphorylation

• Source of extra ATP when the Calvin cycle consumes more ATP than NADPH.
• Example: 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH.

Labrador Retriever Color

• Genotype bbEe results in a brown Labrador retriever.

Chi-Squared Analysis Degrees of Freedom

• If there are 2 possible outcomes (black or brown fur in squirrels), the degrees of freedom for a chi-squared analysis is 2-1=1.

M Phase of the Cell Cycle

• Aside from mitosis or meiosis, cytokinesis also occurs in the M phase.

tRNA Location During Translation

• The first tRNA is located in the P-site of the large subunit of the ribosome during translation.

Acetyl CoA

• Formed between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Binary Fission

• How bacteria normally reproduce.

Polygenic Inheritance

• Traits that are examples include skin color, eye color, hair color, hair type, and height.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

• Produces the most ATP.

Meiosis 1

• Homologous chromosomes combine to form tetrads.

Significance of the TATA Box

• In eukaryotic promoters, the TATA box allows RNA polymerase to attach to the promoter region of the DNA.

Facilitated Diffusion

• Describes when a charged particle moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a channel protein in the plasma membrane.

Peripheral Membrane Protein

• A type of membrane protein found within the cell membrane but does not span the entire thickness.

Primary Succession

• Involves the colonization of a new habitat.

Topoisomerases

• Prevent DNA from forming supercoils and tangling during DNA replication.

Carboxyl Functional Group

• A specific functional group (COOH).

Metabolic Pathway Requiring Proton Gradient

• Chemiosmosis + oxidative phosphorylation.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

• If the frequency of allele a is 0.3, the frequency of homozygous individuals (aa) is (0.3)^2 = 0.09.

Anaerobic Process

• Glycolysis.

Frequency of Recombination

• The highest frequency of recombination would be expected between the farthest genes on the chromosome (e.g., between genes A and G).

Transformation

• When a bacterium takes DNA from the surrounding environment.

Photorespiration

• Occurs when Rubisco combines RuBP with O_2.

Sex-Linked Inheritance

• Thomas Hunt Morgan's experiment with red- and white-eyed flies, where all white-eyed flies were male, indicates that the gene is located on the X chromosome.

Competitive Exclusion Principle

• No two species with the same niche can occupy the same habitat/environment; this will result in local extinction or resource partitioning.

CRISPR

• CAS proteins carry both the CRISPR RNA and tracrRNA.

S Phase

• DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.

DNA Composition

• If DNA samples are composed of 15% adenine, then the percentage of cytosine would be 35% because A=T and C=G. (A=15\%, T=15\%, G=35\%, C=35\%).

Primordial Sea

• Term describes the primitive nutrient-rich ocean found on early Earth.

LaMarck's Beliefs

• Species could not go extinct; extinction was not real, and species only evolved.

Methyl Functional Group

• Used by prokaryotic cells to avoid cutting their own DNA with restriction enzymes.

Carbon Fixation

• During the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle, 2 PGA (phosphoglycerate) is formed as the first stable intermediate.

Ribosomes

• Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

G Protein Coupled Reaction

• In the G protein-coupled reaction, an alpha subunit exchanges a GDP for GTP.

Biome Determination

• Precipitation and temperature determine which biome is seen in an area.

Hardy-Weinberg Equation: p^2

• Represents the frequency of AA individuals in the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

Polar Covalent Bond

• Type of bond seen in a single water molecule between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

FADH2 Production in Krebs Cycle

• 1 FADH2 is produced in the Krebs cycle per pyruvate.

Epigenetics

• Histone proteins and methylation can be used to prevent a gene from being expressed.
• Term for the fine-tuning of genes beyond the sequences themselves.

Electron Transport Chain of PS2

• No final electron acceptor listed, none of the above.

Rate Mirabile

• Structure in tuna and white sharks that helps these fish retain heat.

Sex-Linked Inheritance

• Genetic pattern that describes the color blindness trait in humans.

Biotic Potential

• Term describes the maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions.

Ligand

• Another name for the signal molecule in the G coupled protein reaction.

Molecular Biology

• Tool used to show evolutionary relationships, such as dogs being more closely related to wolves (0.2% DNA difference) than coyotes (4% DNA difference).

Release Factor

• During translation, a release factor (a protein) binds to a stop codon.

AP Biology Test Tip

• Knowing how to produce a standard lab report is not necessarily a key tip.

TracrRNA Function

• Stabilizes the CRISPR system.

Endothermic

• Term that describes an organism that can use its metabolism to maintain its body temperature.

Alpha Helix Structure

• Discovered by Pauling.

Mitosis Statement

• The nuclear envelope disappears completely.

Haldone

• Hypothesized that simple molecules were able to form on early Earth since O_2 was absent.

G Protein Location

• Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells.

Repetitive DNA Sequences

• SSR (simple sequence repeats) and STR (Short Tandem Repeats) are examples.

Data Distribution

• If a data set is normally distributed, 95% of the data lies within two standard deviations.

Regulatory Portions of Protein Kinase

• In the G coupled protein signal transduction pathway, cAMP bonds.

Operons

• Operons are not found in eukaryotic cells.

Meiosis

• It contains prometaphase.

Anaphase

• During anaphase of mitosis, chromosomes move to opposite poles.

Energy Pyramid Shape

• The energy pyramid is pyramid-shaped because most energy at each trophic level is used by the organisms; most starts out at the bottom and diminishes as it goes up because more organisms take up more energy.

Centromere

• Structure that connects sister chromatids in a chromosome.

Batesian Mimicry

• A harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of harmful species directed at a predator of them both.

Dihybrid Cross Phenotypic Ratio

• 9:3:3:1

Standard Error

• Statistic calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of the number of samples.

Standard Deviation

• Statistic that describes how spread a data set is around the mean.

SSBP (Single Strand Binding Proteins)

• Protein that prevents the template strands from reattaching during DNA replication.

Standard Error

• Statistic used to produce error bars.

Monomer/Polymer Pairing

• Amino acid + polypeptide.

Pleiotropy

• Genetic pattern where a genotype causes multiple phenotypes.

Climax Community

• Stable community that results after succession.

Grazers

• Eat grass.

Parasitoid

• An organism that harms another organism by placing its larva into them.

Repolarization

• During an action potential, term describes when too many K^+ leave the neuron.

Plastocyanin

• Found in the electron transport chain of photosystem 2.

K-Selected Species

• Do not experience exponential growth (they actually experience logistic growth).

Ecological Species Definition

• Scientist puts two populations of red fish (digging holes and preying on small shrimp) and puts them in the same place.

Node

• On a cladogram, term describes a point where a group of organisms divides into different taxonomic groups of species.

Cladogram

• A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Classes in a Phylum

• There are many classes in a phylum.

Pea Plants Inheritance

• In pea plants, the tall trait is dominant to the short trait.
• If a heterozygous plant (Tt) is crossed with a homozygous tall plant (TT), the probability that the offspring will be short (tt) is 0%.

Parthenogenesis

• Organisms that typically reproduce this way are ants.

Simple Diffusion

• How O2 and CO2 travel through the cell membrane.

Similarities Between Cellulose and Starch

• They are both polysaccharides, made up of glucose units, serve as energy storage molecules, found in plant cells.

Ribozyme Function

• Ribosomal RNA that speeds up chemical reactions.

Cholesterol Location

• Plasma membrane of animal cells.

Labrador Retriever Color

• BbEe results in a black Labrador retriever.

Endosymbiont Theory

• Discovered by Lynn Margulis.

DNA Replication Location

• Nucleus.

Mode

• The most commonly recurring number in a data set.

Population Growth Formula

• N represents population size.

Sweat Effectiveness

• It releases heat through evaporation and cooling.

mRNA

• Bonds to the small subunit.

Morphological Similarity

• Morphological similarity is a physical trait organisms share due to ancestry or evolution.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Requirements

• Needed: no mutation, random mating, no gene flow, infinite population, no selection.

Viroids

• Infect plant cells (protoplasts).

Keystone Species

• Wolves maintain health and balance of ecosystems.

Biome in Anaheim

• Chaparral.

Biome with Hot Dry Summers and Cold Dry Winters

• Desert.

Alpha Helix

• Secondary structure.

Phospholipid Production

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

• Produces lipids.

Water as a Solvent

• Yes, because it's polar.

Ice Floating on Water

• Yes, because solid H_2O is less dense.

Product Between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

• Acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle Location

• Mitochondrial matrix

Calvin Cycle Location

• Stroma of chloroplasts

Goal of C4 Plants

• To prevent photorespiration.

Goal of CAM Plants

• To conserve water.

Frameshift Mutation

• When a nucleotide is added or deleted.

Antiparallel DNA

• DNA runs in opposite directions.

Biome: Cold and Dry Winter

• Boreal

Definition of a Biome

• All of the above: soil type, flora/fauna, and temperature.

Community After Succession

• Climax community.

Succession After a Fire

• Secondary succession.

Niche After Resource Partitioning

• Realized niche.

Ketone Functional Group

• A carbonyl group positioned within the carbon skeleton.

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

• Saturated fats lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain.

Simple Sugar Examples

• Glucose, fructose, galactose.

Fructose

• A simple sugar.

Simple Sugar in a Nucleotide

• Deoxyribose.

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides.

ATP from 1 NADH

• Approximately 3

Product of Glycolysis

• Pyruvate.

Survivorship Curves

• Type 1: Die old; Type 2: Die whenever; Type 3: Die young.

Human Survivorship Curve

• Type 1.

Density-Dependent Factors

• Competition over food and over space.

Exponential Growth Curve

• J-shaped curve.

Parasitoids

• Wasps.

Dispersion Pattern

• Orchard of trees: uniform.

Biotic Potential

• Population is at its max growth rate.

High Birth Rates

• r-selected species.

Competitive Exclusion Principle

• No 2 species in same niche.

Mutualism

• Everyone benefits.

9+2 Tubule Structure

• Cilia and flagella

Smallest Part of a Cell Membrane

• Phospholipids

Spans Entire Length of Cell Membrane

• Transmembrane protein.

structural integrity of the plasma membrane

• cholesterol

Cow

• Primary consumer because it eats grass.

Energy Transfer in Trophic Levels

• 10% of food/energy goes up the trophic levels.

Animal Source of Carbon

• Food.

Ammonia in Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrite.

Water Stored Within the Earth

• Aquifer.

Glycolysis

• Anaerobic.

NADH per Pyruvate

• 3.

Product of Linked Reactions

• Acetyl CoA.

Location of Linked Reaction

• Mitochondrial matrix

Krebs Cycle Location

• Matrix.

ETC Location

• Inner mitochondrial matrix

Addition to 5' End of mRNA

• 5' cap.

Addition to 3' End of mRNA

• Poly(A) tail.

Removed During mRNA Processing/Splicing

• Introns.

Biomass and Energy Pyramids

• Look similar because energy transfer and biomass decrease with each trophic level.

Dividing 100% Through Trophic Levels

• Divide by 10% each level.

Product of Alcohol Fermentation

• Ethanol.

Intermediate of Alcohol Fermentation

• Acetaldehyde.

Smallest Cellular Entity

• Viruses.

Chargaffs Rule

• States there are equal amounts of A and T in DNA.

tRNA Shape

• Clover.

Components of Nucleotides

• Phosphate group is the answer.

Transporting Things Between Organelles

• Vesicles.

Removes Naturally Occurring Hydrogen Peroxide

• Peroxisome.

Creates the Replication Bubble

• Helicase.

Holds the Replication Bubble Open

• Single-strand binding proteins.

Helicase Purpose

• To unzip the DNA.

Produces Okazaki Fragments

• DNA polymerase.

Connects Okazaki Fragments

• Ligase.

Removes Primer During DNA Replication

• DNA polymerase.

Carbohydrate in Cell Membrane

• No.

Microtubules

• Are not the smallest part of the plasma membrane.

Plasma Membrane Composition

• Phospholipids and cholesterol.

TATA Box

• Promoter region.

Codon Binding Site

• In which site does the second codon bond to a tRNA? - A site.

R Group

• Amino acid (look for a molecule with an R group).

What is binded to the stop codon?

• A release factor

Start Codons

• AUG

CAM Plants Stomata

• Do CAM plants open their stomata open at night instead of during the day

Molecules Made in the Regeneration Phase

• RuBP is recycled during the regeneration phase of the calvin cycle

PGA to PGAL

• Reduction stage.

Links CO2 to RuBP

• Rubisco.

Primary Goal of Cellular Respiration

• To produce ATP.

Microscope Type

• Light Microscope.

DNA

• The genetic information of DNA is its sequence

Neutrons

• Ions.

Carbon Valence Electrons

• 4.

What Kind of bond between Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms?

• Polar Covalent.

Solute/Solvent

• Solute is dissolved and the solvent dissolved the other substance.

H20 High Heat Capacity

• High heat capacity is due to hydrogen bonding.

Heat Capacity

• Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature by 1°

Monomers

• Monomers

Disaccharides:

• Examples: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose.

Animal Behavior

• Ethology.

Fluid-Mosiac Model

• Cell membrane.

Nuclear envelope composition:

• Lipids.

Found in thylakoid discs:

• Chloroplasts.

ETC Composition:

• Proteins.