Sports and Media Midterm

First and Goal in the Bronx: Grambling vs. Morgan State 1968

What was the name of the documentary on Black College football?

Bronx, NY - Yankee Stadium on September 28, 1968

When and where was the game held?

Grambling State University and Morgan State University

Name the two teams

31

How many players in the game signed professional football contracts?

Michael Hurd

Name the historian in the documentary

Jerry Izenberg

Name the journalist in the documentary

New York Urban League

What New York City organization benefited from the game?

Yes, the Invitational Football Classic still exists. In 2025, Howard played against Morehouse.

Does the game still exist today? If so, give an example

a sport organization’s efforts to foster desirable relationships with its key publics

Sports publications may be best defined as

community relations and media relations

The most common public relations program areas within sport are

College Sports Information Directors of America

the professional organization of college and university based sport media relations employees is

they are distinct yet complementary activities

How are public relations and marketing related

writing

Which of the following is among the primary skills sport public relations professionals must have?

publics

Groups of people who relate to a sport organization in similar ways are

promotion

Publicity, an outcome of public relations activity, has commonly been linked to this element of the marketing mix

• connect w/ press (media relations professionals must connect with others who can provide access to and a way to showcase the brand of their client)

• must be able to clearly write in different styles and about various types of information

List and briefly describe the primary responsibilities assumed by most media relations professionals in sport organization

• face-to-face contact (connecting with others in the community)

• creating events and branding that connect to the likes and needs of the consumer where the brand/professional is located

List and briefly describe the primary responsibilities assumed by most community relations professionals in sport organizations

True

True or false: the press agentry model of public relations is more likely to use publicity stunts to attract attention than the public information model

True

True or false: Grunig’s one-way models of public relations are likely to focus on more tactical PR goals than strategic public relations goals

False

True or false: Most public relations efforts have easily quantifiable outcomes that make evaluation quite easy.

False

True or false: The most consistent distinction between the terms “brand” and “reputation” that make evaluation quite easy.

the Pittsburgh Steelers

Which of the following programs is most likely to use the public information model of PR?

the collection of perceptions about organization in the mind of the consumer

Public relations can play an important role in helping the organization build its brand, which is

latent public

Which of the following publics is described as a group of people in a certain neighborhood who are ignorant of the fact that their taxes may increase due to a special assessment tax being considered to build a community park

Davide White (interim)

NFL players union executive director

Andre Iguodala

NBA players union Executive Director

Ted Saskin

NHL players union Executive Director

Tony Clark

MLB players union executive director

Bob Foose

MLS players union executive director

Roger Goodell

NFL Commissioner

Adam Silver

NBA Commissioner

Gary Bettman

NHL Commissioner

Robert “Rob” D. Manfred

MLB Commissioner

Don Garber

MLS Commissioner

• scholars have dvided mass media forms into print and electronic

• print media include newspapers, magazines, and books

• electronic media include radio, television, and film

The following statements are accurate regarding mass media

internet

Which of the following is the newest entry into electronic media

• because they decide stories to cover

• because they decide where to place stories in a newscast or newspaper

• because they decide what quotes to use

The following are reasons why journalists are often considered gatekeepers

• each individual team was free to negotiate television contracts with national networks

• prominent and large-market teams attracted the interest of networks

• markets suffered from declining attendance and a reduction in potential broadcasting revenues

The following are true about before the sports broadcasting act was passed by congress in 1961?

program’s rating

The percentage of the overall population (represented by households with televisions) that watches a particular program is known as

• considered a group of strategic communicators for college athletics

• stages several professional development opportunities for its members

• one of the largest professional organizations of sport public relations professionals in the world

the following are characteristics of CoSIDA

• many sport organizations initially viewed the media as a threat to profitability rather than a revenue stream

• the new media technologies led to immediate reporting of various sports throughout the United States

• the advent of the telegraph in the mid 1800s began the marriage of mass media and sport

The following statements are correct regarding

the relationship between mass media and sport

1. advanced

2. gamer

3. post-game

types of sports stories

1. primary

2. secondary

3. material

4. behind-the-scenes 

5. anonymous citizen-journalists

types of sources

• one-on-one

• small group

• role reversal

• news conference

• online/electronic news conference

types of interviews

• capablity to stand alone

• hooked to the season/happenings

• entertains, educates, informs

• explores innovation, trends, and issues

• can run at anytime

elements of feature story

1. Press agentry

2. public information model

3. two-way symmetrical

4. two-way asymmetrical

Grunig’s 4 PR Models

Eric Benais

first ever press agent

1. reseach

2. planning

3. execution

4. evaluation

Steps of PR Process

Sports PR

brand centric communication functions designed to manage and advance relationships in the public

• writing

• presentation

• interpersonal communications 

• technology

• research

Key Skills for PR Professionals

• game notes

• media guide

• game program

• brochures

• newsletters

• annual report

• in-house video/audio

• apps

• e-newsletter

types of media orgs produce

• paid

• earned

• shared

• owned

PESO Model

earned example

media campaign

paid example

• buying billboards

• advertising on radio stations

shared example

time bought on a new station to show game

owned media

owning a station

1. records

2. team history

3. rosters

4. team administration

5. opponents

6. stats

7. info about previous season

8. info about governing body, ie. MEAC

found in a media guide

1. media list

2. press release

3. distributing press release

4. pitching press release to media list

5. getting story placement

6. clipping story and making report

steps for a media campaign

• injuries

• key players

• matchups

• records 

• styles of play

Advanced story elements

• when they arent on air

  • before noon to get story on more news hours

How to reach stories and whn

SPIN

spin the story the way you want to project it

embargo

giving media something one day but having them release the story later

propaganda

• can be whatever you want to say

• your version of the truth

• your version of a story

trial balloon

• scare tactic

• a way to figure out how/if you want to do something

chilling effect

• deterring free speech

• a usually undesirable discouraging effect or influence

chilling effect example

16 million that CBS has to pay trump for 60 minutes interview

Trade publications

regularly published resources, such as magazines or journals, that provide industry-specific news, trends, and practical advice to professionals in a particular field

National Association for black journalists (NABJ) - College Park, MD

Umbrella organization for the black press

American Urban Networks - based in Pittsburgh, PA

Umbrella organization for black radio

National Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA) - located on 12th and U in the thurgood marshall building

Umbrella Organization for black PR

1. direct

2. paraphrase

3. attribution

types of quotations