AP Euro Unit 2 Age of Exploration and Absolutism

Where did Baroque Art come from and why was that the location?

Baroque Art and architecture started in Rome because that was where the Catholic Church was headquartered.

Name 4 aspects of Baroque Art.

Tenebrism (dramatic use of light), dramatic moments, portrayal of everyday people (not idealized), buildings with grandiose features and ornate decorations.

What was Baroque Art made to differ from?

Baroque Art was very Catholic, meant to be grander and better than Protestantism.

What disrupted the normal spice trade before the Age of Exploration?

The Plague and the break up of the Mughal Empire/

Where did most spices come from?

The Moluccas Islands, aka the Spice Islands.

What were the Europeans looking for in relation to the Moluccas?

A direct route there.

What did the Europeans realize about the Earth?

It is round. They did not know how big the globe was, though.

What new technologies allowed for the Age of Exploration?

The Caravel, a small, maneuverable ship. The magnetic compass. Gunpowder from Asia. Ptolemy's Geography.

What were the clear problems with Ptolemy's Geography?

They didn't know about any of the Americas, the size of Asia, or the size of Africa.

Who were the Mamluks?

The Egyptian Empire from 1250-1517. Major world power, defeated by the Ottomans.

What did gold do to North Africa?

Gold made Egypt, Mali, and Ethiopia more wealthy.

How did Preter John, the Age of Exploration, and the printing press relate?

Prester John was a legendary Christian king who promised riches to whoever found him. Fake letters from him were printed in Europe saying he was in Africa, so Europeans began to explore Africa looking for him.

Who was Mansa Musa?

King of Mali, gold and salt mine. He toured Africa and inflated local economies. He was Muslim.

What was Henry the Navigator of Portugal's goal?

To convert Africans to Christianity and reach India.

What did Bartolomeu Dias do?

He rounded the Cape of Good Hope (the bottom of Africa), opening a passage to Asia from Portugal.

Who financed Columbus's journey, and who did he make deals with?

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain financed it, but Columbus made deals with Spain AND Italy.

What happened when Columbus first arrived in the Americas?

He met the Taino (native) people and killed those who did not do what he wanted. He inspired a new round of Conquistadors to come to the New World.

What were three major advantages of the conquistadors over the natives?

Horses, guns, and metal armor.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Created by Pope Alexander VI, it established a line of demarcation 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Portugal had claim to everything eastward, and Spain had claim to everything westward.

What was the difference in how Spain and Portugal treated their conquered?

The Spanish kept their conquered alive. They assimilated them into society and made them Catholic. The Spanish also used the encomienda system. The Portuguese just made every conquered person a slave.

What did Vasco da Gama do?

He was the first to successfully sail from Europe to India. He used cannons to force his way into the harbor and force rulers to trade with him.

Describe Magellan's Journey.

Took off from Spain (even though Magellan himself was Portuguese), went through the Strait of Magellan, stopped in the Philippines, and then landed back in Spain. The Spanish crew resented having a Portuguese captain, scurvy and famine killed, as did the weather. One shipwrecked, another returned home. In the Philippines, Magellan was killed in an attack on the Natives. First time travelling around the whole world

What was special about the Aztecs?

They used human sacrifice and Tenochtitlan (capital) was built on an island on lake Texcoco.

Describe Aztec sacrifice.

Sacrificed at pyramids, the humans sacrificed were usually from neighboring territories.

Who conquered the Aztecs?

Hernan Cortes of Spain and neighboring territories who disliked the Aztecs for always taking their peoples for human sacrifice. Smallpox killed the remainder of the population after Cortes. Happened in 1521.

How did the Incas write?

A string system called Quipu.

Who conquered the Incas

Francisco Pizarro and the Spanish using force and disease.

Name some resources traded in the Columbian Exchange.

Corn and potatoes from the Americas helped feed Europe's growing population. Bananas and sugar came to the Americas from Africa. Europeans brought horses to the Americas.

What happened to bring about the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?

Slavery existed in some form in every pre-modern society. The change was that Portugal needed hundreds of slaves annually to work on islands off the coast of Africa.

How did Africans view their slaves?

As prisoners of war, debtors, or criminals, not as fellow Africans.

What was the outcome of slaves being mostly men?

Africa's demographic became more women than men, making them easy to invade.

What was Chattel Slavery?

When slaves were recognized as possessions, not persons in the Americas. These slaves tended to sugar cane and kept being bitten by mosquitoes and dying of malaria. This was the worst and most popular type of slavery in the Americas.

Describe the Triangular Trade.

Europe purchased or traded for people in exchange for sugar, molasses, and other goods. In the beginning, Europe was trading for slaves in Africa, but then they just started capturing slaves for themselves and bringing them to the Americas.

Who was Protestant at the end of the Catholic Reformation?

England, Denmark and parts of the Holy Roman Empire.

Who was Catholic at the end of the Catholic Reformation?

France, Spain and some parts of the Holy Roman Empire.

Who were the Huguenots?

The French Calvinists. They were a vocal minority.

Who was Catherine de Medici?

From Italy. She married the French king, who died young, then acted as regent for her sons. She pulled her sons' strings while they were on the throne. She raised Mary Queen of Scots. She organized the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Who died in the St. Bartholemew's Massacre?

20,000 Huguenots.

What is politique?

The idea that political concerns trump religious concerns.

What did Henry IV do after defeating the Catholic League (Habsburgs, Spanish Portugal, and papal states)?

He was a Protestant, but he converted France to Catholicism.

What did the edict of Nantes do?

It said that Huguenots would be tolerated in certain areas of France.

Who was the House of Habsburg?

One of the most important houses in Europe. Best known for being an origin of all of the Holy Roman Emperors from 1438 to 1740. Also had rulers of Austrian and Spanish Empires.

Who did the Peace of Augsburg not apply to?

Calvinists.

What happened to spark the Thirty Years War?

Ferdinand II (Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor) imposed Catholicism on Bohemia. His representatives met with a Protestant representative of Bohemia but threw him out the window. This was called the Prague Defenestration. The Bohemian Catholics began to rebel, beginning the war.

What were the four phases of the Thirty Years War?

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French

Who did the French side with in the Thirty Years War?

France sided with the Protestants, thanks to Cardinal Richelieu. France was Catholic, though.

Who was Gustavus Adolphus?

A Swedish general considered the father of modern warfare for his use of mobile cannons.

What did the Peace of Westphalia do ?

Weaken the Holy Roman Empire, accept Calvinism, and give France more power. Ended the Thirty Years War and the Protestant Reformation.

What is absolutism?

The concept that kings have a "divine right" to rule. Sovereignty embodied in the person of the ruler.

Which countries were absolutist?

France, Spain, Russia, Prussia, and a little bit of England and Scotland.

What did absolutism foreshadow?

Totalitarianism in the 20th Century.

Who opposed absolutist monarchs?

Nobles and bourgeoisie.

What is the bridge between Age of Exploration and Age of Absolutism?

Elizabethan England.

Are Elizabeth and the Tudor monarchy absolutists?

No, but their successors are, and the people competing with them are.

When did the Tudor dynasty emerge?

After the War of Roses.

Who succeeded Henry VIII?

His son, Edward VI.

What was Parliament doing during Edward's rule?

Making the Anglican Church more Protestant.

Who did Edward VI name successor?

Lady Jane Grey.

What happened when Edward died in his teens?

Jane Grey was "Queen for Nine Days," then Mary Tudor succeeded her after Jane's execution.

What did Mary Tudor do?

She married Phillip II of Spain and burned Protestants. She died after a five year rule.

Who succeeded Mary Tudor?

Queen Elizabeth, her half-sister.

What were some characteristics of Elizabeth's reign?

She reigned for 44 years. It was a time of national unity and Shakespeare. Exploration at the time was led by Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh.

What were Elizabeth's nicknames?

"The Virgin Queen," "Good Queen Bess."

Who was Mary Queen of Scots?

She was raised in France by Catherine de Medici and temporarily Queen Consort of France. She was Elizabeth's closest blood. Married three times. Queen of Scotland. Had a rivalry with John Knox. Mother of James I. Spoke French.

Who was John Knox?

The founder of the Presbyterian Church (English-Speaking version of the Calvinist Church). Very sexist. Lived in Scotland.

Why did Mary Queen of Scots die?

She had to evacuate Scotland due to John Knox. She went to go live with Elizabeth. There, she became part of a plot to kill Elizabeth, so she was executed.

What did the Catholics get out of the Elizabethan Settlement?

Many Catholic rituals were preserved, as well as the hierarchy of bishops and archbishops.

What did the Protestants get out of the Elizabethan Settlement?

Elizabeth restored a version of the Book of Common Prayer with moderate Protestant views. Church services were translated from Latin to English. Everyone had to attend services of the Church of England. The Jesuits were expelled from England.

Who did Phillip II support as ruler of England?

Mary Queen of Scots.

What is the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada to US history?

If the Armada had won, England would've become part of Spain, and there would be no more English exploration, Spain would have discovered North America instead.

What is the geographic state of the Netherlands?

Amsterdam and Rotterdam were major cities. Lots of islands, very spread out. Dutch built their own land.

What were some characteristics of the Netherlands?

Higher salaries than any other parts of Western Europe, including for women. Highest standard of living in Europe. Most economically productive society in the world at the time.

What was the Protestant Work Ethic?

Working hard to form the lands of their country led to a semi-democratic tradition in the Netherlands. And they were Protestant after a history of Spanish Catholic rule.

What was the Dutch stance about religion?

Religious tolerance?

What was in other countries but not the Netherlands?

Tension from the feudal system. Land was sparse and people had to work together to make it habitable, so there was no tension for land.

Who used to rule the Netherlands?

The Catholic Habsburg monarchy and Spain. The Dutch broke off after the Protestant Reformation through the Union of Utrecht.

What did the spirit of innovation in the Netherlands lead to?

A huge merchant fleet.

How did the Dutch contribute to the Age of exploration?

They made lots of new tech but also explored.

Who ruled the Dutch?

The stadtholder had the title of ruler, but local rulers did a lot more and had more authority.

Which country showed early forms of democracy and capitalism?

The Netherlands.

How did having an absolutist monarch affect a country's economy?

Economies run by an absolutist monarch developed a lot slower.

What made a global population boom possible?

Exchange of easy-to-grow food.

Why does inflations start?

Prices rise on goods because more money is available in the economy.

What was inflation in the 1500s and 1600s in Europe called?

The Price Revolution.

What was being inflated in the 1630s in the Netherlands?

Tulips from Holland.

What is an economic bubble?

When the price of something rises and rises and then plummets.

What was special about tulips?

They were exotic because they came from the East. They took forever to bloom, and certain diseased strains of the tulip were very rare.

What is a "mania"?

Occurs when there is an upward movement of price of something, combined with people being willing to pay a lot.

How does an economic bubble burst?

A collective realization that the price of something far exceeds its worth.

What did Henry VIII need Parliament's approval for?

Approval of the Act of Supremacy to break with the Catholic Church, and funding of overseas wars.

Which English rulers worked close with Parliament?

Elizabeth and Henry VIII.

How did James I come to the English throne?

Elizabeth dies childless and her closest relative is James, who is Mary Queen of Scots' son.

What were some characteristics of the Stuart dynasty?

Includes Mary Queen of Scots, James I, Charles I, and Charles II. Absolutist Catholics with no use for Parliament.

Was James I popular with Parliament and English citizens?

No.

What did James I clash with Parliament on?

Disagreements over money and foreign policy.

What specific religious group did James have a problem with?

Puritans and dissenters from the English Church.

What did Parliament insist Charles I sign?

The Petition of Right, which was like renewing the Magna Carta.

What did Charles I do against Parliament?

He dissolved Parliament and ignored the Petition of Right for 11 years.

Who did Charles I appoint to Archbishop?

Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud.

Why did Charles I have to reconvene Parliament?

He needed money.