Bio animals quiz

absorption

The process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body

amino acid

• amino + acid + variable “R” group

• link up diff. combinations to form diff. proteins -sequence determined by genes

• chain of a/a- polypeptide

• 8/20 are “essential” in diet -12/20 made by human body

bile

• Formed by the liver

• fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

colon (large intestine)

• puckered/ ringed rather than smooth

• approx. 1.5m long

• lack villi

digestion

the process of decomposing organic matter by bacteria or by chemical action or heat

3 digestive enzymes

1. Amylase (carbs- sugars)

2. Lipase (lipids- fatty acids + glycerol

3. Trypsin ( proteins - amino acids)

Egestion

the act of excreting unusable or undigested material from a cel

fats

Composed of triglyceride= glycerol + 3 fatty acids

ingestion

the process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it

insulin

hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells

lipid

an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells

mineral

solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition

pancreatic juice

a fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas; important for breaking down starches and proteins and fats

peristalsis

the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

phospholipid

any of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base

saliva

a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth

unsaturated fatty acid

a fatty acid whose carbon chain can absorb additional hydrogen atoms

steroids

• Type of lipid

• e.g cholesterol

• e.g sex hormones testosterone and estrogen

vitamin

any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism

waxes

• type of lipid

• firm yet pliable

• e.g. cutin- waterproof coating for leaves

• e.g. beeswax- to make honeycombs

BMR

Your Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the number of calories you burn as your body performs basic (basal) life-sustaining function.

amylase

any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants

carbohydrate

an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals

disaccharide

any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis

ER= M x EF x T

Energy required (kJ) = Mass x Energy factor x Time

lipase

an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

pepsin

an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones

polysaccharide

any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules

protein

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids

trypsin

an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units

saturated fatty acid

a fatty acid whose carbon chain cannot absorb any more hydrogen atoms; found chiefly in animal fats

4 functions of the colon

1. Absorbs water, minerals, and vitamins

2. House E- coli bacteria that use waste to make vitamins

3. Form feces

4. Moves feces for excretion

6 sections of the large intestine

1. Caecum

2. Ascending

3. Sigmoid

4. Transverse

5. Descending

6. Rectum

Accessory organs

• Aid in digestion and are outside of the alimentary canal

• secrete their contents into the canal via ducts

Pancreas

Secretes 2 products:

1. Pancreatic juice

2. Basic, neutralizes stomach acid

3. Contains digestive enzymes

Gall bladder

• small as a finger

• stores bile when stomach is empty

4 main functions of the liver

1. Forms bile

2. Converts glucose - glycogen (stored form)

3. Detoxifies blood

4. Breaks down hemoglobin from RBCs - brown feces

Emulsification of fat by bile

• Physical process

• smaller fat droplets increase surface area for lipase action

3 stages of fat emulsification

1. Fats present in small intestine

2. Gall bladder releases bladder

3. Bile salts break down large globs of fat

Water

-Makes up 2/3 of human body mass

• transports nutrients to cells

• lubricates tissues and joints

• regulates body temperature

• transports waste

• major component of blood and mucus

Mono saccharides

disaccharide

any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules
a) sucrose
b) maltose
c) lactose

polysaccharide

Long chains of monosaccharide molecules
a) starch
b) cellulose
c) glycogen
d) chitin

proteins

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids

amino acid

-organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group

• 8/20 are “essential” in diet

• 12/20 made by human body

mouth

• Where digestion begins

• food chewed and formed into bolus by the tongue

Pharynx

• short tube shared by digestive glands and respiratory system

• passageway for food between mouth and esophagus

epiglottis

a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing