APUSH Quarter 4 Final Key Terms

Whig Party

american political party formed to oppose A jackson + demo; wanted protective tariffs, national banking, + federal aid for internal improvements; attracted parties that also hated A jackson; declared demo as party of corruption/cronyism

William Henry Harrison

1841 elected president (9th) + almost hounded to death by Whigs; Whigs thought "Old Tippecanoe" was a bit more than an impressive figurehead; Amer military leader + politician; 1st president to die in office + shortest administration in Amer (4 weeks); died of pneumonia; death had a short crisis but resolved many questions abt presidential succession unanswered by constitution

John Tyler

VA; became 10th president after Harrison's death; resigned from senate earlier + unnecessarily; gave up Jacksonian Democrats for Whigs, but was at odds w/Whigs; still a democrat

Henry Clay

uncrowned king of Whigs + best spokesman in Senate; wanted much political power

Daniel Webster

secretary of state

"Third War with England"

fought on paper; fought between Brit + Amer written commentaries abt other country; fostered by anti-Brit feeling in Amer from 2 wars + Brit "Travel Books" (condemned + mocked Amer as barbaric)

Manifest Destiny

notion held by 1844 campaign; Amer was destined by "Almighty One" to rule continent w/democratic institutions from Atlantic to Pacific

James K. Polk

pro-expansion Democrat; won over Whigs under Clay; president in 1845; wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute w/Brit; wanted to get CA; wanted to get TX into union

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

political slogan of Democrats in 1844 election; claimed 54 degree 40' as the boundary of OR area

49th parallel

Polk proposed this as compromise line for OR; Brit came around + proposed same compromise + polk let Senate decide; offer was accepted + approved of treaty; accepted mainly bc already worried w/war with Mex

Polk's "four-point program"

Polk developed this plan + achieved it within 4 yrs; goals included lowered tariff, restoration of independent treasury, acquisition of CA, + settlement of OR dispute

Mexican-American War

between mex + Amer; Amer got ½ of mex territory; US wanted to teach Mex a lesson + Mex wanted to humiliate north; Mex thought Amer picked a fight on their soil while Amer though mex was the aggressor

Zachary Taylor

polk appointed this general to lead army from Nueces River + Rio grande against mex; Mex troops crossed Rio Grande + attacked general's troops (16 Amer died); congress declared war;

nominated by the Whigs in Philly; "hero of Buena Vista"; never held civil office or took part in voting for president; Whig party dodged all troubling issues + just extolled in his virtue; didn't commit himself on issue of slavery, but was a wealthy sugar plantation owner in LA + had slaves

Santa Anna

dethroned Mex dictator; promised US to sell out his country if they helped in back to Mex; once he was back, he helped Mex to defend against US

John C. Fremont

explorer w/many dozens well-armed men who helped overthrow Mex rule in 1846; he collaborated w/Amer naval officers + local Amer to take CA + proclaimed 'CA bear Flag Republic'

Winfield Scott

commanded the main expedition which pushed inland from coastal city of Veracruz; general who succeeded in battling way to Mex city despite disadvantages

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

signed by trist; confirmed Amer ownership of TX, territory west from OR to ocean, + CA for $15 million; assumed claimed of its citizens against mex in amount of $3.25 million

Mexican Cession Territory

TX, territory west of OR to ocean, + CA for $15 million (½ of Mex) was given to america

"Conscious Whigs"

anti-slavery whigs in Congress who dubbed the mex whigs; denounced the Mex War + controlled house in 1847; threatened to vote down supplies for armies in field; if actually happened; scott would have been forced to retreat + things would of gone downhill

Wilmot Amendment

an amendment proposed by Wilmot; outlawed slavery in any of the territory taken from Mex; passed through House, but not senate; never became fed law; eventually approved by legislatures of all but 1 free state; symbolized burning issues of slavery

Lewis Cass

veteran of War of 1812; chosen at Dem National Convention at Baltimore; Senator + diplomat; Dem platform was silent on burning slavery issue, but he wasn't silent; enemies dubbed him General "Gass" + rhymed w/jackass; father of popular sovereignty

"Popular sovereignty"

doctrine that said that sovereign ppl of territory should be determine the status of slavery; Cass is father of this; persuasive appeal as many (public + politicians) liked it

Free Soil Party

formed by antislavery men in north; attracted industrialists upset at Polk's reduction of protective tariffs; wanted Wilmot Proviso; advocated for federal aid for internal improvements; urged for free govt homestead for settlers

California Gold Rush

discovery of gold in CA; lots of ppl migrated to the west; brought 10k men; mining camps popped up wherever gold/silver was found; crime was rly high; many CA citizens wanted to erect a good state gov

California State Constitution

written by group of CAians that prohibited slavery; written to speed up process of statehood (CA bypasses territorial stage, preventing southern congressmen seeking to block Free Soil); southern politicians were angered

Underground Railroad

south had problems w/runaway slaves, who were helped by northerners; Virtual freedom consisted of antislavery homes, through which runaway slaves were helped by abolitionists from slave states to Canada

Harriet Tubman

most amazing conductor; illiterate runaway slave from MD; rescued more than 300 slaves (including her parents); earned title "Moses"

"Immortal Trio of the Senate"

Clay, Calhoun, + Webster; worked together for last time in 1850

Compromise of 1850

north got better deal; 1) CA tipped senate balance against south (CA = free state), 2) area of NM + UT were open to slavery on basis of popular sovereignty, 3) TX was paid $10 mil toward discharging its indebtedness; area dispute had torn from side of slave-holding TX + almost certain to be free

Fugitive Slave Law

"bloodhound bill"; stirred storm of opposition in north; practices threatened to create dangerous punishments for white Amer; fleeing slaves couldn't testify on their own + denied jury trials; northerners who helped slaves escape could get large fines + jail sentences

"Demise of Whig Party"

election of 1852 marked the beginning of the end of Whig party; death of Clay + Webster weakened the party a lot; end augured eclipse of national parties + rise of sectional political parties

Franklin Pierce

14th president; democrat, served w/o distinction in Mex-Amer war; 2nd 'dark-horse' candidate; unrenowned lawyer-politician from NH; platform revived democrat's commitment to area expansion

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

treaty between US + Brit agreeing that neither country was to try to obtain exclusive rights to control over any future isthmian waterway; repealed by US in 1881

Ostend Manifesto

met in Belgium + 3 envoys drew top secret dispatch; doc urged that Pierce administration offer $120 mil for Cuba; if Spa refused + its continued ownership endangered Amer interest, US would be justified for getting Cuba; plan leaked + made northern free-soilers angry

Gadsden Purchase

purchase of land from Mexico in 1853 that established current US/Mex border for $10 mil; transaction aroused much criticism among northerners + enabled the south to claim railroad w/even more insistence

Harriet Beecher Stowe

mother of 6 kids; published Uncle Tom's Cabin; determined to waken north to slavery's wickedness; Lincoln recognized her novel; antislavery sentiments lay in religious 2nd Great awakening; lived in OH, where underground railroad activity was prevalent

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Stowe in 1853; woke up north to cruelty of slavery; promoted abolition; intensified sectional conflict; popular in US, Brit, + Fra

Kansas-Nebraska Act

southerners had supported this act w/understanding that KS would become slave state + NE would become a free state; northerners set out to 'abolitionism' both states (both became free states)

Free Soilers

didn't like fraudulent conspiracy (Shawnee Mission); established own regime in Topeka, which was illegal KS govt; 2 govts in KS - 1 based on fraud + the other illegality

John Brown

abolitionist figure now stalked upon KS battlefield; involved in ambiguous dealings (horse stealing), so moved to KS

"Kansas Civil War"

erupted after Pottawatomie Creek; destroyed millions worth of property; between abolitionists + pro-slaveryites; later merged w/large civil war

Lecompton Constitution

doc presented by pro-slaveryites; ppl could vote constitution w/slavery or w/o slavery; but if voted against slavery, remaining provision of constitution protected the slave owners already in KS; free-soiler were upset so boycotted the pools, leading to the proslaveryites approving the constitution in 1857

James Buchanan

succeeded pierce; strongly under southern influence

Stephen A. Douglas

senator; championed true popular sovereignty; tossed strong support in south for presidency + fought for fair play & democratic principles; outcome was compromise that submitted entire Lecompton constitution to popular vote; free-soilers then came + tossed it under; KS remained a territory until 1861

Division of Democratic Party

Buchanan antagonized numbers of Douglas Democrats in North, + divided the democratic party; until then, it was the only national party remaining; broke the last strands of binding

Charles Sumner

abolitionist senator from MA; most disliked senator; delivered speech "the crime against KS" which condemned pro-slavery men + insulted SC + Butler; attacked by Brooks w/cane over issues of slavery + honor of state

Preston Brooks

congressman from SC; didn't like Sumner's comments on Butler (distant cousin); assaulted Sumner w/cane until it broke; the House couldn't muster enough votes to expel him, but he resigned + was reelected

Republican Party

met in Philly; nominated Fremont as their candidate; platform came out vigorously against extension of slavery

Roger B. Taney

wrote the important decision of Dred Scott case; upheld police power of states + asserted principle of social responsibility of priv property; from the South + upheld fugitive slave laws

Dred Scott Case

stated Dred Scott (black slave) wasn't a citizen + couldn't sue his owner (he sued for freedom as he was on free-soil); said that federal govt couldn't dictate to its citizens what they do w/their property (including slaves); declared Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional

Abraham Lincoln

"Honest Abe" - didn't violate his conscience; rustic Springfield lawyer; raised up in lower-class family but married above to Todd family; emerged as foremost politician after KS-NE Act; debated w/Douglas but lost Senate race in 1858; wanted no extension of slavery, protective tariffs for northerners, pacific railroad for northwest, free homestead land for farmers; wins election of 1860; 'minority president' bc wasn't on balot of 10 states; southerners threatened secession if Lincoln won

Lincoln/Douglas Debates

Lincoln asked to have many debates w/Douglas; certain topics were slavery; Lincoln lost election to Douglas, became popular; Douglas said ppl could exclude slavery by not enforcing + protecting slave owner property; became reason why ppl wouldn't support Douglas for president; Lincoln asks if slavery could be prevented in areas, to which the Dred Scott decision says no; Douglas then says that territories can limit slavery + angering the Southerners

"Freeport Doctrine"

doctrine developed by Douglas; slavery would stay down if it was voted down; unpopular among southerners + cost Douglas election of 1860; Douglas's position also split democratic party

Harpers Ferry

Brown came up w/scheme to invade south w/followers, called slaves to rise w/arms + established free state as sanctuary; secured several thousands of $ from north abolitionists; seized federal arsenal in VA + killed 7 innocent ppl; Lee + US Marines caught Brown + followers; Brown was hanged; one of the immediate causes of secession as south thinks they are under attack

Election of 1860

candidates include Lincoln (Republican), Douglas (Northern Democrat), Breckinridge (Southern Democrat), + Bell (Constitutional Union); Lincoln wins + becomes 16th president

South Carolina/southern states secede

SC used Lincoln's presidency as excuse to separate from union (called a convention) + seceded; within 6 weeks after SC secedes, AL, MI, FL, GA, LA, TX + 4 more states secede; Buchanan is lame duck + doesn't do anything to stop secession even though it was illegal; 11 states seceded in total

Confederate States of America

new govt formed by 1st 7 seceding southern states in Feb 1861; Davis became president

Fort Sumter

federal fort in Charleston harbor; bad conditions (<100 men + provisions only lasted for few weeks); if no supplies - commander had to surrender; otherwise, SC would fight cuz this was important federal fort; blocked Atlantic seaport Lincoln tried to send provisions w/o reinforcements + failed; SC cannons fired the fort, but no one died

Union blockade

'anaconda plan'; at first leaky + part of Union's total war; blocked key confederate ports from getting supplies; respected by Brit; other nations (including Brit) wanted lincoln to maintain high blockading standards

Border States

slave states that stayed in Union; DE, MD, KY, MO, + WV; if north attacked first all of them would have seceded from union; important + powerful (½ of Conf population); MD, KY, MO doubled manufacturing capacity of S + increased horse/mule supplies by 50%

Advantages/Disadvantages of South

1. more experienced military officer 2) fought on their own land among their own people (knew the territory well) 3) just had to ensure the north doesn't win + they could remain separate from Union

Robert E. Lee

1st rank confederate commander; lincoln offered him command of union armies, but when VA left, he left; won peninsula campaign (7 days' battle)

"Stonewall" Jackson

lee's chief lieutenant for most of war; master of speed + deception; confederate general; won 1st battle of bull run (got name in that battle); killed by friendly fire at battle of Chancellorsville

Advantages/Disadvantages of North

1. larger population (north had ~22 million while south had ~9 million including slaves) 2) most factories to make supplies 3) 30,000 miles of railroads 4) strong navy 5) more money 6) established govt

Ulysses S. Grant

union general; lincoln found him after trial/error process (expensive); determined to win at any cost (even losing troops); 1st success came in northern TN theater; captured fort henry + Fort Donelson; demanded 'an unconditional/immediate surrender' when confederate general asked for terms

Trent Affair

1st major crisis w/Brit; union warship cruising on high seas on northern cuba stopped a brit mail steam trent + removed (by force) 2 confederate diplomats bound for euro; brit govt demanded an apology + prisoners be set free; lincoln released prisoners

Alabama

brit-amer crisis over building in brit; confederate alabama evaded title warship under technicalities; escaped to Portuguese Azores + captured 60+ vessels; accepted challenge from union cruiser off fra's coast in 1864 + destroyed (sunk)

Laird Rams

final crisis w/brit; 2 confederate warships were constructed in shipyard of laird + sons in brit; designed to destroy wooden ships of union w/its iron rams + large-caliber guns; guns more dangerous than alabama; eventually brought for royal navy

Jefferson Davis & state's rights

no person popularity; serious talk of impeachment; job too much for him; imprisoned for 2 yrs after war's end; later pardoned by Johnson; conf govt gave states more power; detrimental to war; lincoln violated states' right

Lincoln's Constitutional violations

proclaimed blockade, increased federal army size, gave $2 million to 3 priv citizens (military reasons), suspended writ of habeas corpus, supervised voting in border states, + suspended certain newspapers; could do this cuz congress wasn't meeting when war started

Conscription

law enacted draft of men into army bc of decline of volunteers; unfair for poor cuz rich men could hire subs/pay $300 to be excused

National Banking System

system created by congress in 1863; made to stimulate sale of govt bonds + establish standard banknote currency

Homestead Act

provided free land to people; allowed settlers to acquire 160 acres by living on it for 5 years, improving it + paying $30; passed in absence of southern democrats

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

amer's 1st female physician; helped organize US sanitary commission to help the union army in battlefield

U.S. Sanitary Commission

founded w/blackwell's help' govt agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, + equipped hospitals; commission helped professionalize nursing + gave many women confidence + organizational skills to push forward women's movements after war

First Battle of Bull Run

1st battle of civil war; happened 30 miles SW DC; dispelled illusions of short war; Confederates won; northern recruits swaggered out of DC towards bull run; at first, they were good but jackson's warriors were like a stone wall (where 'stonewall' got his name) + reinforcements showed up; inflated dangerous overconfidence

George McClellan

union general; given command of army of potomac; extremely cautious + great organizer; hated sacrificing his troops + idolized by men ('little mac'); tried to take richmond in 1862 during peninsula campaign; pushed back + demoted; reinstated for battle of antietam; retired after failing to pursue Lee

Army of the Potomac

McClellan led this army; main union army near DC w/100k troops

Peninsula Campaign

confederate victory; richmond sat on James + York River; union advances towards Richmond under McClellan; confederates reinforcements could come to push him back to sea; 20k Confederate casualties vs 10k union casualties

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by lincoln; 1862; declared that all slaves in confederate states would be free

Union's "total war"

1. slowly suffocate south by blocking coasts 2) liberate slaves + undermine economic foundation 3) cut confederates into ½ by getting control of MI river 4) chop confederate to pieces by sending troops through GA + Carolinas 5) capture richmond 6) try everywhere to get enemy's main strength + grind it into submission

Monitor vs. Merrimack

Monitor - "yankee cheesebox on a raft"; union Ironclad; Merrimack - old wooden US ship that was reconditioned as a confederate ironclad ship and destroyed 2 union wooden ships, destroyed months later to avoid getting stolen; both fought to standstill

Second Battle of Bull Run

confederate victory; 1862; confederate army forced most of union army under general pope out of VA

Battle at Antietam Creek

draw; Lee went into MD to get border states; lincoln restored McClellan as commander (pressured); 2 union soldiers found copy of lee's plans (wrapped in packet of 3 cigars dropped by confederate officer); McClellan could stop Lee; Brit + Fre planned to help confederates, but this battle displayed north's power + stopped them from helping; served as foundation for lincoln's final launch of emancipation proclamation

Thirteenth Amendment

8 months after war's end; freed all slaves, abolished slavery, + foreshadowed by emancipation proclamation

A.E. Burnside

union general; replaced McClellan (2nd time); unfit for job + launched rash battle of fredericksburg; yielded command to Hooker

Battle of Fredericksburg

confederate victory; VA 1862; Burnside launched rash attack; >10k northern soldiers were killed; 'burnside slaughter pen'

Battle of Chancellorsville

confederate victory; led by hooker; lee divided his forces + sent Jackson to attack union flank; jackson would be accidentally shot by his own men + died; hooker was badly beaten but not crushed by Lee's plan

George Meade

union general; replaced Hooker 3 days before battle of gettysburg; led battle of gettysburg

Battle of Gettysburg

union victory; 3 day battle; bloodiest of entire war; turning point of war; Meade led battle w/92k soldiers against Lee's 76k soldiers; Pickett's charge was considered high tide of confederacy/last real chance for confederate win

Pickett's Charge

failed confederacy charge (gettysburg); 'high tide of confederacy'; marked northernmost point of southern troops ever reached; last real chance for confederate win

Gettysburg Address

2 min speech given by Lincoln after gettysburg; praised bravery of union soldiers + renewed commitment to winning war; supported ideals of self-govt + human rights; attracted little attention at the time

Battle at Shiloh

north victory; grant wanted to exploit his victory by capturing getting junction of main confederate railroads at Corinth MI; confederates forces surprised union troops just over TN border from Corinth; confederates drove back grant's forces across TN rivers; union got backup + won; 1 of the most bloody battles; proved there was no quick end to war in west

Battle of Vicksburg

union victory; many packages of cattles + other provisions came - key western source of supplies; fortress of vicksburg protected supply source; grant launched attack + siege of vicksburg; grant's best fought campaign; city surrendered; most forces were depleted; 5 days later, it would be fall of port hudson; union gained MI

Sherman's March

general sherman's destructive march through GA; early instance of total war; purposely targeted buildings/civilian property to weaken morale of men + destroy supplies meant for confederate army; ravaged SC; south wasn't happy

"Radical Republicans"

dominated congressional committee on conduct of war; resented expansion of presidential power in wartime; pressed Lincoln on emancipation; minority group of republicans; believed that South should pay more for leaving; wanted social structure destroyed, planters punished, + blacks protected by law

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War

established by congress in 1861; made to oversee military affairs

Election of 1864

peace + war democrats/copperheads (McClellan) vs radical republicans vs union party (lincoln); each political party had diff pov on how war should be run + what should happen to seceded states after war; union party (lincoln) won election on recent northern victories against south; decided that confederacy would lose + slavery was abolished

"War" & "Peace Democrats"

part of fractured democratic party; war dem supported lincoln administration + peace dem didn't