HUG Unit 2

What is Density?

The number of people in a space (2.1)

What is Distribution?

The spatial spread of people in a space (2.1)

What are the types of density?

Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural (2.1)

What is arithmetic density? What is another name for it?

The number of people per square unit. It is also called crude population density (2.1)

What is physiological density?

The number of people per unit of arable land (2.1)

What is agricultural density?

The number of farmers per unit of arable land (2.1)

What does population density allow for geographer to do?

Describe Human-Environmental Interaction by looking at distribution of people and their impact on resources (2.1)

What is Ecumene? What are its kinds of factors?

The preference of living location. It has physical and human factors (2.1)

What are the physical factors of ecumene?

Climate, landforms (places where one can survive), and water bodies (2.1)

What are the human factors of ecumene?

Culture, economics, history, and political characteristics (2.1)

What is the study of population?

Demography (2.2)

What is the role of demographers?

Study how people are spread out by age, health, gender, occupation, fertility, and more (2.2)

What kinds of consequences does population distribution have?

political, social, economic, and environmental (2.2)

What are the four most notable population clusters of the world? Include their main countries or regions

European Cluster (Western Europe), South Asian (India), East Asian (China, Japan, or Korea), South-East Asian (Indonesia) (2.2)

What are the political impacts of population?

Changing population pressure governments to ensure the need of the people are met and that the strain that puts on the government is handled (2.2)

What the economic impacts of population?

Changing populations raise concerns such as if there are enough jobs for everyone, if there are enough people to do every job, and if jobs are available where people are (2.2)

What are the social impacts of population?

Changing populations raise concerns such as if there enough hospitals to care for people, if there are enough schools for the young, and if their are resources for elder-care and pensions (2.2)

What are some minute population clusters?

The Eastern coastline of South America, The Eastern United States, and regions of Egypt along the Nile (2.2)

What is Carrying Capacity?

The relationship between population size and the amount of resources present in that area (2.2)

What would be an example of a relationship where a society is below carrying capacity?

There is an abundancy of resources the support a population (2.2)

What would be an example of a relationship where a society is at carrying capacity?

A population has the exact amount of resources they need to support themselves (2.2)

What would be an example of a relationship where a society is above carrying capacity?

A population does not have enough resources to support themselves (2.2)

Physiological Density

The total number of people per unit area of arable land, providing insight into population distribution and agricultural intensity.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people per unit area of land, used to measure population distribution across a given area.

Agricultural Density. What can it tell us?

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land indicates a country’s development. A low AD means a country can produce more food with technology.

How do you calculate sex ratio?

(# of males/ # of females) x 100

What is the standard sex ratio

105 males: 100 females

What does a diamond-shaped pop. pyramid show?

Slowing growth

How do you calculate CBR? What is it?

Crude Birth Rate = (# of live births/1000 people)

How do you calculate TFR? What is it?

Total Fertility Rate is the number of babies a woman will have on average. It is simply calculated by getting the average number of babies a woman has. No equation for it.

What if IFR? How do you calculate it?

Infant Mortality Rate = (Deaths under 1/1,000 live births)

What is RNI? How do you calculate it?

Rate of Natural Increase = (CBR-CDR)/Total population

What is another term for RNI?

NIR

How do you calculate Population Doubling Time? Do you need to convert percentages to decimals?

70/RNI. DO NOT CONVERT % TO DECIMAL. If the RNI is 1.7%, divide by 1.7.

What does DTM stand for?

Demographic Transition Model

Describe Stage 1 of the DTM.

CBR: Very High

CDR: Very High

RNI: Low

Lack of contraceptives

Describe Stage 2 of the DTM.

CBR: Very High

CDR: Falling

RNI: Very High

Increased sanitation/medical capabilities

Describe Stage 3 of the DTM.

CBR: Falling due to female education and entering the workforce. Dependency on children also decreases due to urbanization and economic development

CDR: Falling

RNI: Moderate

Describe Stage 4 of the DTM.

CBR: Very Low. Women delay child birth for opportunities. Increased use of contraceptives.

CDR: Low due to higher income for better healthcare

RNI: Almost None. Can be slightly upwards or even down.

Describe Stage 5 of the DTM.

CBR: Very Low. Couples perhaps choose not to have kids.

CDR: Rising. Increased urbanization. Return of diseases that are now resistant to antibiotics

RNI: Negative

What is the Epidemiological Transition Model?

A model to describe population changes based on mortality.

Describe Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

Infections, parasites, crop failure, and animal attacks. High CDR

Describe Stage 2 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

Improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine. Pandemics still slight issue, but life expectancy increases

Describe Stage 3 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

Fewer deaths by infectious disease in place of degenerative diseases like cancer, strokes, and heart disease. Life expectancy increases and death rates decrease.

Describe Stage 4 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

Medical advances lead to a high life expectancy. There are better diets, and tobacco and drug use declines. Issues such as junk food and sedentary lifestyles are becoming commonplace.

Describe Stage 5 of the Epidemiological Transition Model

Infections and parasitic diseases return. These forms are resistant to modern medicine, leading to a lower life expectancy and increased death rate.

Who discovered Malthusian Theory?

Thomas Malthus

What was the effect of the time Malthus lived on how he developed his theory

Britain was in stage 2 of the DTM. He saw high rates of population growth and not much technological development.

What does Malthusian Theory state?

Due to the population growing exponentially (geometrically) and the food supply growing arithmetically (linear), the population will outpace carrying capacity of food supply.

How was Malthusian Theory criticed?

Malthus was called anti-family and an alarmist, though he had some followers.

What are Neo-Malthusians?

Modern believers of Malthusian Theory

What is a pro-natal policy? Provide examples

Legislation that encourages more births. Can be funding for parents or accessible childcare

What is an anti-natalist policy? Provide examples

Legislation that disencourages births. The one-child policy or fines for having more children

What were unintended consequences of China’s one-child policy

Sex imbalance in the population. Preference for males. Pressure on children to succeed.

What are the effects of female education on the population?

Children are better cared for. Less babies are born because women are confident in the child’s survival. Women have children later in life to pursue education or a job.

What are the effects of female employment on the population?

Women bring in more money to the household and play more societal roles, contrbuting to the economy.

What are the effects of female access to healthcare on the population?

Women face unique health risks (particularly maternal ones), and if too many women die, the birth rate declines.

What is MMR? How do you calculate it?

Maternal Mortality Rate = # of female deaths due to pregnancy-related causes / 100,000 live births

What are the effects of female access to contraception on the population?

Reliable contraception decreases birth rates. It can allow women to stay in school or in work for a longer time. Shift in dynamics as less women are at home with the kids.

How do you calculate a dependency ratio?

(Population of Independent age group / Population of Dependent age group) x 100

What is the replacement rate in TFR?

It must be 2.1 or more

Who designed Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration? What is its purpose?

E. G. Ravenstein designed it to note distinct demographic patterns related to migration

Describe Ravenstein’s Law of Gender Patterns

Women move internally, you males migrate internationally. We are beginning to see shifts, however, as women become more ambitious

Describe Ravenstein’s Law of Youth and Migration

Most migrants are young adults seeking employment. They are more mobile due to being less established. If migrants are old, they are typically coming out of developed countries.

Describe Ravenstein’s Law of Short Distance

Migrants will typically move to the nearest option that fits their desires

Describe Ravenstein’s Law of Steps

When migrants travel far, they do it in steps

Describe Ravenstein’s Law of Counter Migration

Each migration flow produces flow in opposite direction, but this is not always true.

Describe Ravenstein’s Law of Rural to Urban

Most migrations historically go form rural to urban, but modernly, at close scales you may see the opposite.

Describe Ravenstein’s Law of Urban Areas

Cities have many opportunities, and migrants moving large distances will typically go to large urban centers.

Describe the Gravity Model. How do you calculate gravity?

The model shows how areas closer to each other will interact more, taking into account population. Gravity = (pop. 1 + pop. 2) / distance²

What are the population aging determinants?

CBR, IMR, TFR, CDR, and Life Expectancy

What are the economic consequences of an aging population?

Govs. increase funding for senior care. Shrinking Worker base. Maybe cuts to other funds. Markets for senior good and services

What are the social consequences of an aging population? Note Senior Agglomerations and the Snowbird Effect

Who will take care of the grandparents? Social services for seniors. Medical specializations. Senior Agglomerations is the pooling of senior services, like senior homes. The Snowbird Effect is when seniors go to warmer places in the Winter.

What are the political consequences of an aging population?

Pronatal policies to address fall of birth rate. The military will need more members. Seniors will also be an important voting block that politicians should appeal to.

What is the Boserup Hypothesis?

A counterargument to Malthusian Theory. Because of TFR drop and innovation in tech, population growth will slow and humans will find a way to produce more food.

What are push and pull factors?

Migrational elements that push or pull migrants toward certain places, respectively

Describe economic push and pull factors.

Push: Unemployment, higher taxes, higher mechanization/less need for human labor.

Pull: Jobs available, factories moving for cheaper labor or land, lower taxes

Describe social push and pull factors.

Push: Discrimination, lack of education or healthcare

Pull: Freedom of religion, acceptance of different identities, education opportunities, healthcare access.

Describe political push and pull factors.

Push: Political persecuion, political instability, harsh policies, war

Pull: Political freedom and stability, fair laws, trusted political system.

Describe environmental push and pull factors.

Push: drought, natural disaster, human damage to the environment

Pull: farmable lan, safety from natural disasters, healthy, safe environment.

What are Intervening Obstacles and Opportunities? How can they be categorized.

Obstacles: Challenges on migrants’ paths that slow their journey

Opportunities: Positive circumstances that slow migration.

Intervening Obstacles and Opportunites can be categorized through ESPN

What is an immigrant vs. an emmigrant

Immigrants enter country, emmigrants leave

Describe the 4 types of slavery.

Bonded labor: Job if offered and person brought to new country. Not given wage to "pay off the debt” of their transportation.

Domestic servitude: maids’/servants’ passports kept by employer, holding them in bondage.

Forced Child Labor.

Child Soldiers

What are Forced Migrations?

Migrations where people have essentially no choice to leave.

Describe the differences between refugees, asylum seekers, and IDP’s

Refugees: Person who was forced to migrate internationally from their home (usually documented and accepted into the country).

Asylum Seeker: A Refugee who needs protection from another country (usually does not have documentation, at first, and is looking to get away from threat ASAP).

IDP: Does not cross international borders, but instead moves to a safer part of a country.

What are the types of Voluntary Migration? Define them.

Transnational: Crossing international borders

Transhumance: the transportation/migration of livestock

Internal: Permanent Moves within a country. Can be interregional (between regions) or intraregional (within a region)

Chain: Migrants move to where previous migrants (usually family) went, easing the burden of moving.

Step: Migration with a series of stops and starts

Guest Workers and Remittances: Temporary migrants who come for education or work. They often send remittances (money) back home to family and such.

Rural to Urban: Often because of economic reasons.

What factors impact views on migration?

interntional relations, public perception, impact on the economy, how many resources available

What are some political dillemas related to migration?

Whether borders should be guarded locally or nationally. How do immigrants affect the workplace? How does immigration enforcement infringe on civil rights? How should we enforce border security?

What are the economic effects of immigration? What is brain drain?

Immigrants fill job spots that many natives don’t want to do. Sometimes, highly trained or educated migrants can migrate to a different country to make more money (this is known as brain drain)

What are the cultural effects of immigration?

Some countries place quota on the number of migrants from certain countries. Migrants may be blamed for social ills.

What is the main idea of Zelinsky’s MTM

The migration transition model is caused by push and pull factors. Generally, Stage 4 and 5 countries in the DTM attract many immigrants, while Stage 2 and 3 countries have many emmigrants leaving