2- Vagal regulation of acid secretion and gastrin release.

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2588919/

Correct answer: B. To review current mechanisms of vagal regulation of acid secretion and gastrin release

Explanation:
The article explicitly states that it reviews the current understanding of mechanisms involved in vagal regulation of acid secretion and gastrin release, rather than presenting a single new experiment.

What is the primary purpose of this article?

A. To report a randomized clinical trial on vagotomy
B. To review current mechanisms of vagal regulation of acid secretion and gastrin release
C. To compare proton pump inhibitors and H₂ blockers
D. To present a new experimental animal model

Correct answer: C. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

Explanation:
The article header identifies the journal as Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. Also, it was published in (1994) titled “Vagal Regulation of Acid Secretion and Gastrin Release”

In which journal was this article published?

A. Gastroenterology
B. American Journal of Physiology
C. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
D. World Journal of Surgery

Correct answer: C. Narrative review of existing research

Explanation:
The paper synthesizes findings from multiple prior studies and does not describe a single experimental protocol, indicating a narrative review design.

What type of research design does this paper represent?

A. Experimental laboratory study
B. Prospective cohort study
C. Narrative review of existing research
D. Meta-analysis

Correct answer: C. University of California, San Francisco

Explanation:
The authors are affiliated with the Department of Surgery and Gastrointestinal Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco.

Which institution is the primary affiliation of the authors?

A. Yale University
B. Harvard Medical School
C. University of California, San Francisco
D. Johns Hopkins University

Correct answer: C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Explanation:
The abstract states that TRH from the medullary raphe nuclei appears to be the central excitatory mediator of vagal action in the dorsal motor nucleus.

According to the abstract, what is the central excitatory mediator of vagal action in the dorsal motor nucleus?

A. Serotonin
B. Acetylcholine
C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
D. Gastrin

Correct answer: D. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells

Explanation:
The article emphasizes the role of ECL cells in releasing histamine in response to vagal stimulation and gastrin.

Which cells release histamine in response to vagal stimulation?

A. Mast cells
B. G cells
C. Delta cells
D. Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells

Correct answer: C. The vagus plays a major physiological role, but key mechanisms remain unresolved

Explanation:
The conclusion emphasizes the central role of the vagus while highlighting unanswered questions requiring further research.

What is the main conclusion of the article?

A. Vagal mechanisms are fully understood
B. Acid secretion is independent of neural input
C. The vagus plays a major physiological role, but key mechanisms remain unresolved
D. Histamine has no role in vagal acid secretion

Correct answer: B. The contribution of vagally mediated histamine release

Explanation:
The authors state that the contribution of vagally mediated histamine release to acid secretion is not fully understood.

Which question is explicitly identified as unresolved in the conclusion?

A. Whether the parietal cell exists
B. The contribution of vagally mediated histamine release
C. The identity of gastrin
D. The location of the stomach

Correct answer: C. Narrative review with no defined study timing

Explanation:
The article is a narrative review that synthesizes findings from previously published studies. It does not collect original data and therefore has no defined timing (not prospective, retrospective, or cross-sectional).

Which of the following best describes the study design and timing of the article “Vagal Regulation of Acid Secretion and Gastrin Release”?

A. Prospective longitudinal experimental study
B. Cross-sectional observational study
C. Narrative review with no defined study timing
D. Retrospective correlational study

Correct answer: C. Qualitative descriptive synthesis of prior research

Explanation:
The authors summarize and interpret results from existing experimental and clinical studies without performing statistical tests, correlations, or pooled analyses. The analysis is therefore qualitative and descriptive, not correlational or quantitative.

What type of analysis is used in this article?

A. Correlational statistical analysis
B. Meta-analytic quantitative synthesis
C. Qualitative descriptive synthesis of prior research
D. Regression-based causal modeling