WGU D570 Cognitive Psychology Flashcard Set

What is measured by the paper folding test?

Spatial Imagery

What is mental imagery?

The ability to recreate sensory information without physical stimuli

What is a component of psychosocial development?

Personality

A child reads the following incorrect sentence: "The car was traveling down the hills were beautiful." Which cognitive process illustrates casual inference?

The child infers that the hills being beautiful are caused by the motion of the moving car

Which conversation between two students demonstrates the process of entrainment?

The students both start speaking loudly and gesturing.

Which cortex of the frontal lobe is activated when someone determines whether another person appears to be physically attractive?

Frontal Cortex

What is the the electrical impulse fired down the axon of a neuron?

Action Potential

Which part of a neuron transports an electrical signal?

Axon

Which types of tasks have revealed cognitive deficits in people with a substance abuse disorder?

Working Memory Tests

Which example shows how sensory memory results in the persistence of vision when watching fireworks?

Fireworks appear as falling trails of light due to iconic memories lasting fractions of a second.

Which explanation shows how multiple forms of memory would contribute to effective execution of a mental math problem?

Numbers are held in short-term memory and manipulations are conducted on the numbers in working memory when solving the math problem.

Which scenario exemplifies how the articulatory rehearsal process contributes to a student's short-term memory for course lecture material, according to Baddeley's model?

The student repeats silently what their instructor has said before writing it down.

A person is trying to recall the names of a set of seven actors whose pictures were briefly presented upside down. What explains how the episodic buffer enhances working memory in this scenario?

The episodic buffer connects with long-term memory of the actors' faces and names, bringing content into working memory.

How does activity-silent working memory help performance on mental rotation problems?

Strengthening of connections between neurons helps performance on mental rotation problems

How is the primacy effect related to attention for a set of words presented sequentially?

The first word presented receives the persons full attention.

Which example shows Westmacott and Moscovitch's concept of autobiographically significant semantic memories?

Person recalls the name of the actor that they saw in the airport years ago.

A person is studying a list of types of fish for a wildlife test that will occur in one week. Which example illustrates the combined long-term memory encoding strategies of visual imagery and organization?

The person imagines each fish on a tree structure corresponding to categories of fish types.

A person is studying a list of names of pastries for their new job at a bakery. Which example shows the interaction between the deep processing strategies of generation and self-reference?

The person creates flashcards for the names of the pastries, pairing each with an estimate of how appetizing the pastry appears.

A person surprises themself in recalling the name of an artist most have not heard of. Which process occurs when the person tries to remember how they learned that fact?

Source monitoring

Researchers Robert Nash and Kimberley Wade ran an experiment in which participants played a gambling game on a computer and were later shown a modified video of themselves cheating. What did this experiment reveal about false confessions?

Participants confessed to cheating after being shown the modified video, even though they did not recall cheating indicating the power of suggestive questioning and tactics

Which example reflects the impact of the self-image hypothesis?

A person remembers graduating from law school

What is a primary concern of behaviorism according to John Watson?

Identifying the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavior

Which concept supports the paired-associate learning results?

Conceptual peg hypothesis

Which component of Broadbent's flow diagram of the mind blocks unattended messages?

Filter

Which evidence disproves Aristotle's assertion that "thought is impossible without an image"?

People who cannot visualize images are still capable of thinking

Which stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory does an individual begin to understand mathematical reasoning?

Concrete Operational

Which term describes a child's tendency to fixate on just one aspect of a problem or object according to Piaget?

Centration

Which stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is represented by a child's ability to mentally represent objects and events with words and images?

Preoperational

Which kind of intelligence reflects abilities drawn from experience?

Crystalized

Which mental framework is used in learning according to Piaget?

Schemas

A child reads the following incorrect sentence: "The car was traceling down the hills were beautiful." Which cognitive process illustrates the garden path model of parsing?

The child changes their mind from the subject being the car to the hills

A student reads these two sentences: A dog was running. It slipped and fell. which thought process is an example of an anaphoric inference?

The student infers that the word "it" refers to the dog

Why is establishing common ground important to conversations?

It aids in having an engaging discussion

Which property of words contributes to the word frequency effect?

how often a word is used within a language

While studying in a noisy coffee shop, a student is able to focus solely on their textbook, tuning out the surrounding conversations and background music. Which cognitive phenomenon does this scenario illustrate?

Selective attention

A person is enjoying a day at the beach. They hear children playing see the ocean waves feel the warm sun taste the salty air and smell sunscreen. Which state of consciousness is this person experiencing?

wakeful state

How does rotating shift work affect consciousness?

it can affect a person's sleep regulation, leading to insomnia and fatigue.

Which statement describes circadian rhythm in the sleep-wake cycle and consciousness?

Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle and impact alertness

Which test measures brain activity to determine a person's stage of sleep or sonsciousness?

Electroencephalogram EEG

What does the Stroop interference task use to demonstrate a slower reaction time?

By displaying color words in different color fonts

A kindergarten student is trying to solve a handheld maze. The student focuses on the last step of the maze, causing them to miss earlier steps. What process describes why the student has a difficult time discovering the first step required to solve the maze?

Fixation causes the student to focus too much on the last part of the maze and to overlook important steps at the beginning

A teenager's car won't start because the battery is drained after leaving the headlights on overnight. He realizes he needs jumper cables after recalling a childhood memory of his parents jump-starting the family car after the battery died. Which recognition and memory retrieval processes were involved in this problem-solving?

Noticing, mapping, and applying

Which example demonstrates Newell and Simon's approach to problem solving?

A person planning an event makes a list of to-dos and begins working on one task at a time until they are all completed

Which example demonstrates the importance of how a problem statement is presented for effective problem solving?

A person reads a prompt for an essay question and notices that the teacher used certain language, which helped the person eliminate incorrect answers.

A student started a new club for their school and is thinking of ways to increase participation. Which scenario is based on the student's use of analogical transfer?

The student uses colorful flyers to advertise the club because they remember that this strategy previously led to increased school voting.

A musician is having a difficult time composing a new song. They spend a week camping alone in the mountains, completing the song while in the wilderness. How can the musician's solitude contribute to this creativity and solve the problem?

The musician could avoid distractions and find space to think, allowing them to generate new ideas.

What is the relationship between open monitoring meditation and creativity?

Open monitoring meditation is associated with enhanced creativity because it causes greater activation of the default mode network.

A basketball coach is judging two potential players for recruitment and presumes that the taller athlete is more talented than the shorter one. What thought process does the coach utilize?

A stereotype about height and performance

A first-year university student readily makes new friends with their engineering classmates. The student assumes that all engineers must be outgoing like their classmates. How does this case demonstrate misuse of the representativeness heuristic?

The student shows a bias involving a small sample of the population.

Some states apply rules such as "if a citizen reaches the age of 16, then they may obtain a driver's license." how does deductive reasoning govern such rules?

by applying permission schemas

Which conclusion is drawn from performance on conditional reasoning tasks, such as the Watson four-card problem?

Performance improves when problems are stated in real-world terms

Why do humans naturally gravitate toward using the oblique effect when constructing our own environments?

Because horizontals and verticals occur more frequently in the natural world

How do intentions influence mirror neurons?

Mirror neurons address the cause of actions, and respond with varying degrees of activity based on intentions and context.

A community construction project is proposed in two different ways to an environmentally conscious audience. Group A is told that only 20% of the trees will be torn down, while group B is told that 80% of the trees will be saved. Which statement accurately describes the groups' anticipated responses to the community project, based on the principles of the framing effect?

Group B is more likely to favor the project since the focus is on retention and gain of 80% of the trees, rather than the 20% loss of trees.

A student is in a study lounge watching a video for a class and can fuly focus on the video despite people chatting in the background and a clock loudly ticking. How does the student process different stimuli in order to focus on the desired task?

The student filters stimuli through the cocktail party effect.

A person plans to attend a reception later that night and needs to select an out for the event. Which statement demonstrates an automatic decision for the person?

They quickly decide on an outfit they typically wear to events without being consciously aware that they selected it.

How did strayer and johnston's research influence the study of attention?

By demonstrating that both attention and response time are negatively impacted by talking on a mobile device while driving

A researcher presents a video of a street intersection and asks that participants count how many people walked through the intersection. In the video, a limousine passes through the intersection. Which example would demonstrated in-attentional blindness?

Some participants do not notice the limousine because they are focused on the people

A hiker walks along a trail looking for a spot for a picture when an unseen snake hisses from the nearby woods. Which statement is true regarding the hiker's ability to notice the snake?

They will notice the snake's hiss if they recognize it as a danger signal

Why is binding important in attention?

Binding makes it possible to perceive a whole object rather than a collection of it parts

A traveler can attend to what the hotel's concierge says about lunch options based on how loudly they are speaking, while disregarding other verbal communications happening in the noisy lobby. How is Broadbent's model of attention used in this scenario?

The traveler uses filtering to focus on the lunch options over the lobby noise

A person went on a trip to the ocean. Which example shows the concept of autobiographical memory as an integration of episodic and semantic memories for this scenario?

The person remembers jumping in the waves and the outdoor temperature that day.

How does the generation effect relate to attention in a paired-associate task?

Having participants engage in word completion focused attention longer on each word pair, compared to shallow word processing.

Which stimuli are remembered best in a long-term memory task according to Nairne's evolutionary theory of encoding?

Stimuli judged as useful for providing protection

Which example shows the difference between the standard model of consolidation and the multiple trace model of consolidation regarding encoding episodic memories about a trip to a lake?

The standard model of consolidation argues that the hippocampus is involved only in the early development of lake trip memories, but the multiple trace model argues that the hippocampus remains active in long-term trip memories.

What has research determined about the association between neutral language r profanity and enhanced memory?

arousing words that reference profanity or explicit content are more memorable than neutral words

Which example demonstrates the application of Bartlett's repeated reproduction when a student is tested on course content?

A student discusses the content in their study guide four times, then five times, daily for two days before a test to concisely recall the information.

Which example demonstrates the Proust effect?

A person smells freshly chopped wood and recalls a cabin vacation with their family.

which significant findings did the "war of ghosts" experiment demonstrate regarding the effect of repeated reproduction on recall?

Increased time passage led to greater inaccuracies and omissions in recall of the stories based on cultural context

Which factor affects the accuracy and reliability of eyewitness testimony?

Eyewitnesses may not see all aspects of a given incident

What was the source of the imagery debate?

Whether imagery is spatial or propositional

Which aspect of lifespan development examines creativity?

cognitive

What is an example of lexical priming?

a student is able to determine the meaning of a word after recently encountering a similar word

What does the term in-attentional blindness suggest?

A person fails to notice stimuli when their attention is focused elsewhere

What determines an individual's chronotype?

The genes they inherit from both parents

How does methadone affect opioid withdrawal?

It decreases the severity of the symptoms

An engineer notices a colleague's leaking cup and then thinks about how paper degrades and applies this observation to a design for planter pots that leave no carbon footprint. Which method does the engineer apply to solve the problem of designing their product in this scenario?

The engineer applied analogical reasoning that considers semantic knowledge and observations of how others solve problems while designing their product.

A group is asked to solve a complex puzzle by first stating its complex rules. Then later, the puzzle is re-explained more simply, leading to a higher rate of success. How would understanding the aspects of reasoning affect perception of the problem?

By considering how context of presentation influences judgment

Which statement explains why it is possible to juggle while thinking about a future vacation?

A person can think clearly about the vacation if they are an expert juggler

While preparing for a quiz, a student commits key terms to long-term memory by associating those terms to meaningful moments in their life. How does this practice help the student memorize the terms?

It employs the technique of elaborative rehearsal

A person is walking and talking with a friend in the woods. How does the visuospatial sketch pad differ from the phonological loop according to Baddeley's model of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad holds information about potential hazards, whereas the phonological loop holds information related to the friend's words.

A person recalls a fond childhood memory after walking past a garden of fragrant roses. Which type of memory is demonstrated in this scenario?

Autobiographical memory

What was John Watson known for?

contributions to Behaviorism

What was Jean Piaget known for?

Creating the Stages of Cognitive development

What was Alexander Huth known for?

contributions to brain mapping

What was Stephen Kosslyn known for?

contributions to perception

What was Noam Chomsky known for?

contributions to language acquisition device (LAD)

What is the mind's central role?

determining our various mental abilities such as perception, attention, memory, emotion, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning.

Cognitive psychology

study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates. Focuses on the basic mechanisms of the mind.

Who conducted on of the first experiments of Cognitive Psychology in 1868, 11 years before the founding of the 1st laboratory of scientific psychology?

Franciscus Donders

What was Donder's Pioneering Experiment?

How long it takes to make decisions

What cannot be measured directly, but must be inferred from behavior?

Mental responses

How long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus

reaction time

reacting to the presence or absence of a single stimulus

Simple Reaction Time

time to respond to one of two or more stimuli. Response to one stimulus and a different response to another stimuli.

Choice reaction time

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

our overall experience determined by combining basic elements of experience

sensations

all basic sensations involved in creating experience

periodic table of elements

approach to psychology explained perception as the adding up of small elementary units called sensations

structuralism

procedure used by early psychologists in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

analytic introspection