Science Olympiad Officer/Makeup Test

Please look over the study guide as well because this quizlet doesn't cover certain things (like the math and anatomy).

Who is most at risk for Myasthenia gravis?

Those with a history of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus or have thyroid disease.

Who is most at risk for Hashimoto thyroiditis?

Women, individuals with a family history of autoimmune diseases, and those with conditions like type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis.

Who is most at risk for Lymphatic cancer?

Individuals with weakened immune systems, autoimmune diseases, and exposure to certain infections or chemicals, are at a higher risk for lymphoma.

Who is most at risk for Graves Disease?

Women who are or have been pregnant recently.

Who is most at risk for Severe combined immunodeficiency?

male infants, particularly those with X-linked SCID

What is the protein hemoglobin responsible for?

Found in red blood cells and responsible for oxygen transport

Earth is comparable in size to?

White dwarfs

Mars is comparable in size to?

About half the size of Earth.

Red Dwarfs are comparable in size to?

At their biggest, only half the size of our sun.

Pluto is comparable in size to?

About half the diameter of the smallest planet, Mercury.

Transit photometry

Observes regular changes in the intensity of light emitted from a star to detect a planet's presence.

Planck law

The higher the temperature of a body, the more radiation it emits at every wavelength.

Wien's law

Objects of different temperature emit spectra that peak at different wavelengths.

Stefan-Boltzmann law

The total radiant heat power emitted from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

Rayleigh-Jeans law

Predicted an infinite amount of radiation at shorter wavelengths, a discrepancy with experimental observations known as the 'ultraviolet catastrophe.'

Fomite

An inanimate object that can be the vehicle for transmission of an infectious agent.

Fulminant

A symptom or disease that is sudden and severe in onset.

Virulence

The ability of an infectious agent to cause severe disease, measured as the proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die.

Vector

A living intermediary that carries an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

Holoendemic

Characterized by the infection of essentially every individual in a defined population.

Active Immunity

Resistance developed in response to an antigen (i.e., an infecting agent or vaccine), usually characterized by the presence of antibody produced by the host.

Passive Immunity

immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host This type of immunity can be acquired naturally by an infant from its mother or artificially by administration of an antibody-containing preparation (e.g., antiserum or immune globulin)

Herd Immunity

the resistance to an infectious agent of an entire group or community (and, in particular, protection of susceptible persons) as a result of a substantial proportion of the population being immune to the agent. Herd immunity is based on having a substantial number of immune persons, thereby reducing the likelihood that an infected person will come in contact with a susceptible one among human populations, also called community immunity.

Passive Surveillance

collecting data through routine reporting from various sources, such as hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare providers. Diseases are reported to health care providers, simple and inexpensive, and limited by incompleteness of reporting and variability of quality

Active Surveillance

-health agencies contact health providers seeking reports

-ensures more complete reporting of conditions

-used in conjunction with specific epidemiologic investigation

-are most appropriate for epidemics or where a disease has been targeted for elimination

Overland Flow

Movement of water across the land surface when it cannot infiltrate into the soil.

Baseflow

Portion of streamflow that is sustained by groundwater discharge, rather than direct runoff from precipitation or snowmelt.

Interflow

Water in the unsaturated zone that flows laterally into a surface body of water, like a river.

Karst Area Formation Conditions

Thinly bedded rock and dense rock.

Competence of a River

A river that can carry and erode large particles has a relatively high competence.

Oxygen Transport in Insects

Oxygen is carried to the cells in an insect's body through a network of tubes called the tracheal system.

How can insects in the Bombyliidae family remain almost stationary in midair?

By beating wings very rapidly; downstroke produces lift force. Downbeat and return stroke force insect up/down respectively, oscillating and staying in the same position.

Direct Flight

Wing muscles insert directly at wing bases, muscles pull on wings directly.

Indirect Flight

Muscles attach to thorax and deform it which causes wings to move.

Lethal Injection Powder

Potassium Chloride.

Goosebumps Muscle

Arrector pili.

Borosilicate Glass Applications

Laboratory and cooking glassware.

Laminated Glass Applications

Glass in cars, buildings, and glass doors.

Lead Glass Applications

Fine glassware, chandeliers, and other decorative items.

Thermal Expansion of Crystalline Metals

Linear relationship between temperature and expansion because of their uniform structure.

Thermal expansion behavior of bulk metallic glass

Less predictable because it relies heavily on their glass transition temperature and composition. Generally isotropic and their compositions can be tailored for specific applications.

What is the sixth mass extinction?

Anthropocene extinction happening in the present due to climate change, pollution, habitat loss, deforestation, and rapid human population growth.

Functional morphology

The study of how an organism's structure relates to its function.

Jawless fish

Limited to keratinized plates or suction mechanisms.

Jawed fish

Allows development of teeth, biting, cutting, grasping.

Non-accepting hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of teeth in vertebrates

-Teeth evolved from bony fin rays in fish.

-Teeth evolved directly from gill arches.

-Teeth evolved as a response to dietary changes in tetrapods.

Order the strata from OLDEST to YOUNGEST

Jm, Kbc, Kdoc, Kdc, Kmcm, Kdp, Kmg, Kmgr, Kmjl.

What is the significance of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution?

-Reshaped predator-prey interactions by intensifying predation pressure, especially with the rise of shell-crushing predators like marine reptiles, fish, and crabs.

-Prey species developed new defenses, such as thicker, spiny shells in mollusks.

List two adaptations that arose as a response to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution

-Burrowing behaviors in bivalves.

-Faster locomotion in cephalopods.

Transverse Dune

Unidirectional wind, ample sand supply.

Barchan

Unidirectional wind, limited sand supply.

Longitudinal

Bidirectional strong winds, limited sand supply.

Star dune

Winds from many directions.

Parabolic dune

Partially vegetated or downwind of blowout dune.

Unconformity

Gap in the geologic record of a region.

What side of the road do people in Central Serbia drive on?

The right side.

Which scripts does Central Serbia use?

Latin & Cyrillic

Are microorganisms pathogenic?

No.

What are the most important decomposers?

Bacteria and fungi.

What is the primary function of binary fission?

A form of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

What are endospores a survival mechanism for?

Certain bacteria.

Macula

The central part of the retina responsible for high-resolution, detailed, and color vision.

Fovea

Part of the eye that contains the highest density of cone cells.

Peripheral retina

The area of the retina outside the macula, and it's responsible for peripheral vision, which is the ability to see to the sides while looking straight ahead.

Optic disc

Point where the retina's main artery and vein connect. Devoid of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), making it the 'blind spot' in each eye's visual field.

What are common ways of creating artificial horizons?

-Fluid-Filled Tube.

-Pool of Water.

What is the primary reason why saltwater fish constantly lose water from their bodies?

Saltwater fish lose water through osmosis- their internal salt concentration is lower than that of the surrounding seawater. This causes water to diffuse out of their bodies, requiring them to drink seawater and actively excrete unwanted salt to maintain homeostasis.

How does electroreception benefit certain fish species?

Allows fish to detect electrical signals from prey; navigate murky waters; sense predators in low-visibility environments.

Reintroduction

moves captive-born animals into their natural historical range

Nitrogen Cycle

The energy from lightning can convert nitrogen gas into NO3-, which plants can use.

Microgeneration

creating low, zero, or renewable energy at a smaller scale

Mini energy growth factor

increasing investment and adoption of mini-grids and other small-scale energy systems like mini-hydro and solar PV installations

Hydropower facilities

-Diversion

-Pumped storage

-Impoundment

Betz Limit

A theoretical maximum efficiency for wind turbines. States that no wind turbine can convert more than 59.3% of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy