Pharmacology: Comprehensive Final Exam Review (All Modules)

Non-proprietary

Generic name of a drug

Proprietary

Brand name of a drug

Dose

Amount of drug administered at a single time

Dosage

Amount of drug to be administered per unit of body mass of the patient

Schedule drug

Classification of the abuse potential of a controlled substance

Controlled Substance

A drug that has the potential for abuse and is regulated by the DEA

Drug Order

Request by a Veterinarian to dispense or administer a drug within a hospital

Prescription

Drug order prescribed by a Veterinarian that is sent outside of the hospital to a pharmacy

Abbreviations for Ears

AU (both), AS (left), AD (right) (Remember Aural)

Abbreviations for Eyes

OU (ocular), OS (left), OD (right)

Abbreviations for Frequency of Dosage Administration

SID (once a day), BID (twice a day), TID (three times a day), QID (four times a day), and so on

How many ounces in a pound?

16

How many pounds in a Kilogram?

2.2

How many grams in a kilogram?

1000

How many milligrams in a gram?

1000

How many ounces in a fluid cup?

8

How many teaspoons in a tablespoon?

3

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet, kept in a location where any personnel can find it

Loading Dose

Initial larger dose used to achieve therapeutic range quickly

Narrow Therapeutic Range

The dose that produces the minimal beneficial effect is not that far from the dose that produces toxicity.

Wide Therapeutic Range

margin of safety between the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect is far from the dose that produces toxicity

Parenteral

administered drug enters the body via the space between the outside of the intestinal tract and the surface of the skin

Common abrievations for how parenteral drugs are administered

IV (intravenous), IM (intramuscular), ID (intradermal), and SQ (subcutaneous)

First Pass Effect

Amount of drug absorbed before its effects are utilized when administered orally

Biotransformation

Chemical alteration of drugs by bodily systems for easier excretion

Organs Involved in Drug Elimination

Liver and Kidneys

Withdrawal Time

Period of time from drug administration to drug concentration falling below tolerance level

Emetic Center

Center in the brain that controls the vomiting reflex

Where is the emetic center found?

in the medulla of the brainstem

Centrally Acting Emetic Drugs

Apomorphine and Alpha2 Agonists (xylazine)

Best Anti-emetic Drug that works on NK-1 receptor?

Maripotent (Cerenia)

How does Famotidine reduce stomach acid?

H2 antagonist that blocks histamine release to reduce stomach acid

Sequence of Blood Flow through the Heart and Lungs

RA, RV, PA, Lungs, PV, LA, LV, Aorta

P, QRS, and T Waves

P = atrial depolarization, QRS = ventricle depolarization, T = ventricle repolarization

Classes of Anti-arrhythmic Drugs

Class 1 = sodium channel blockers, Class 2 = beta-blockers, Class 3 = potassium channel blockers, Class 4 = calcium channel blockers

What is the best positive iontropic drug that has the fewest side effects and is relatively safe?

Pimobendan

Positive Inotropes commonly used in practice

Epinephrine, dopamine, debutamine, digoxin, and pimobendan

ACE Inhibitors

Angiotensin system inhibitors that reduce urine production and trigger the release of renin

Angiotensin System

reduce urine production triggers the release of renin from the kidneys, renin acts on angiotensin to form angiotensin 1 that later becomes angiotensin 2, angiotensin 2 triggers the release of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex of the kidney, thus allowing sodium to be reabsorbed to increase fluid retention.

What do Beta-2 Receptors on smooth muscles in the airway cause?

Dilation

What do Histamine Receptors on smooth muscles in the airway cause?

Constriction

What do high TSH levels indicatie?

Indicates not enough thyroid hormone is produced (primary hypothyroidism)

What do low TSH levels indicate?

Indicates thyroid gland is producing too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)

Common Treatment for Hypothyroidism

Levothyroxine

Common Treatment for Hyperthyroidism

Methimazole

Common Scales for Injectable Insulins

Intermediate/Moderate Acting and Long-Acting

Insulins Safe for IV Use

Humulin-R and Novulin-R

Steps of the Pain Pathway

Transduction, Transmission, Pain Modulation, Conscious Pain Perception

Transduction

painful stimulation of sensory nerve endings (blocked by local anesthetics)

Transmission

pain signal from receptor to sensory nerve to spinal cord to brain (blocked by neurotransmitters and natural opioids)

Pain modulation

variation of the brain's perception of pain

Conscious Pain Perception

brain becomes "aware of pain" (blocked by general anesthetics)

What are opiods derived from? What is there purpose?

Poppy seeds; provides potent analgesia and sedation

Opioid Receptors

Mu (primary pain receptor), Kappa (milder analgesia), Delta (spinal cord analgesia)

Common Full Mu Agonists

Morphine, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone, Fentanyl, Methadone, Meperidine

What is the risk when using Morphine?

caution with IV use, triggers histamine release that causes constriciton

What is the risk when using Hydromorphone?

adversely affects thermoregulation in cats

What is the risk when using Oxymorphone?

4x more potent than morphine

What is the risk when using Fentanyl?

skin exposure to transdermal path, 250x more potent than morphine

What does Butorphanol agonize/antagonize?

kappa agonist and mu antagoinst

What does Buprenorphine agonize/antagonize?

mu agonist and kappa antagonist

Common Partial or Mixed Agonist/Antagonist Opioids

Butorphanol and Buprenorphine

Reversal Drug for Mu Agonists

Naloxone

Phenothiazine Tranquilizer Class

Acepromazine, dopamine receptor inhibitor

What are the adverse effects of acepromazine?

peripheral hypotension, prolapse of nictating membrane, equine paraphimosis, and antihistamine effects

Species to Avoid Acepromazine in

Horses (stallions due to paraphimosis)

Alpha-2 Agonist Class

Sedation, skeletal muscle relaxation, and changes to cardiovascular system

Side Effects of Alpha-2 Agonists

Vomiting, hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, transient hyperglycemia

Main Drugs in Alpha-2 Agonist Class

Xylazine and Dexmedetomidine

Reversal Drugs for Alpha-2 Agonists

Yohimbine for Xylazine, Atipamazole (Antisedan) for Dexmedetomidine

Hypnotic Class

Propofol, short-lasting general anesthetic that stimulates GABA receptor

What is the risk when using Propfol?

apnea if injected too quickly

What is the shelf-life of Propofol limited by?

Egg lecithin protein

Dissociative Class

Ketamine

What is important to know about Ketamine?

causes catalepsis and muscle rigidity

Drug Class to Counteract Muscle Tone Issue with Ketamine

Benzodiazepines

Barbituate class

Phenobarbital reduces seizures by affecting GABA-A to increase inhibition

Forms of Phenobarbital

IV or Oral

Common Side Effects of Phenobarbital

Temporary ataxia/sedation, polyphagia, polyuria/polydipsia

What side effect of Phenobarbital shows up on lab tests and may or may not go away?

Liver enzyme elevation

Potassium Bromide

Long-half life anticonvulsant for dogs, side effects include vomiting and increased pancreatitis

Benzodiazepine Class

Emergency anti-seizure drugs that stimulate inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

What are the two emergency anticonvulsants?

Diazepam and Midazolam

How are Diazepam and Midazolam administered during seizures?

IV or rectally

Difference Between Diazepam and Midazolam

Diazepam cannot be administered IM, Midazolam can go IM

Trazodone

Serotonin 2 antagonist at low doses and classified as a Serotonin reuptake inhibitor at high doses, varies in sedation based on dose and frequency

What is important to know about Trazadone?

contra-indicated with MAOIS, TCAs, and SSRIs

Antidote for Serotonin Storm

Cyproheptadine

Antimicrobials

Drugs that target bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoans

Static Drug

Slows growth of microbes

Cidal Drug

Kills microbes

Susceptibility

Likelihood of a pathogen being affected by a drug

MIC

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

MTD

Maximum Tolerated Dose

Vertical Transmission

Transmission of chromosomes during replication

Horizontal Transmission

Transmission of plasmids to neighboring cells

Drug Residue

Remnants of a drug in food products (meat and milk)

Method of Actions of Antimicrobials

Cell wall disruption, cell membrane interference, ribosomal disruption, interference with critical enzymes/metabolites, interference with nucleic acids

Beta Lactam Class

Penicillins

What are the 4 most common Penicillins?

Penicillin G, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Methicillin