Introduction to Counseling Midterms

Psychoanalytic Therapy

Based largely on insight, unconscious
motivation, and reconstruction of the
personality

Psychoanalytic Therapy

Has major influence on all of the other formal
systems of psychotherapy. Some of the
therapeutic models are basically extensions
of psychoanalysis

Adlerian Therapy:

focus on meaning, goals, purposeful behavior, conscious action, belonging, and social interaction.

Existential approach

Stresses a concern for what it is to be truly
human

Existential approach

Human themes are part of human conditions: freedom and responsibility, anxiety, guilt, awareness of being finite, creating meaning in the world, and shaping the future by making active choices.

Person-centered approach

Maintains that the quality of client-therapist
relationship is the prime determinant of
therapeutic outcomes in the therapeutic
process

Person-centered approach

Is rooted in humanistic philosophy, places
emphasis on the basic attitudes of the
therapist

Gestalt

Offers a range of experiments to help clien

Reality therapy

Focuses on the client’s current behavior and
stresses on developing clear plans for new
behavior

Behavior therapy

Puts a premium on doing and on taking steps
to make concrete changes

Behavior therapy

A current trend in behavior therapy is toward
paying increased attention to cognitive
factors as an important determinant of
behavior

Rational emotive behavior therapy/ CT

Highlight the necessity of learning how to
challenge dysfunctional beliefs and
automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral
problems

Rational emotive behavior therapy/ CT

These cognitive behavioral approaches are
used to help people undermine their faulty
and self-defeating assumptions and to
develop new patterns of acting

Feminist therapy and family therapy

Stresses the importance of understanding
individuals in the context of the surroundings
that influence their development

Feminist therapy and family therapy

To bring about individual change, it is
essential to pay attention to how an
individual’s personality has been affected by
his gender-role socialization, culture, family,
and other systems.

Postmodern approaches

Assume that there is no single truth, it is
believed that reality is socially constructed
through human interaction.

Postmodern approaches

These approaches believe that the client is
the expert in his own life. These new
approaches.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY

According to Freud our behavior is
determined by irrational forces, unconscious
motivations, and biological and instinctual
drives such as these evolve through key
psychosexual stages in the first year of life.

LIBIDO

refer to sexual energy

LIFE INSTINCT

this instinct serves the purpose of the survival of the individual andthe human race, they are oriented toward
growth, development and creativity

death instinct

an unconscious urge to die which accounts for the
aggressive drive

ID

Pleasure principle which aimed at reducing
tension, avoiding pain,

Ego

Has contact with the external world of reality.
It is the “executive” that governs, control and
regulates the personality

Ego

Reality Principle

Superego

Is the judicial branch of the personality. it
include a person’s moral code, the main
concern being whether an action is good or
bad, right or wrong

Superego

Moral principle

Anxiety

is a feeling of dread that results from
repressed feeling, memories, desires and
experiences that emerge to the surface of
awareness.

Anxiety

It can be considered as a state of tension that
motivates us to do something

Reality anxiety

Is the fear of dread the results from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the
degree or real threat

Neurotic anxiety

Is the fear that the instincts well get out of hand and cause one’s do something for which one will be
punished.

Moral anxiety

Is the fear of one’s own conscience, people with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their
moral code.

Ego-defense mechanism

Help the individual cope with anxiety and
prevent the ego from being overwhelmed,
rather than being pathological

Repression

Threatening or painful thoughts and
feeling are excluded from awareness

Denial

Closing one’s eyes to the existence
of threatening aspect or reality

Denial

The simplest of all self-defense
mechanisms, it is a way of distorting
what the individual thinks. Feels or
perceives a traumatic situation.

Reaction Formation

Actively expressing the opposite
impulse when confronted with a
threatening impulse.

Psychosexual stages

Refer to the Freudian chronological phases
of development, beginning in infancy

Oral stage

which deals with the inability to
trust oneself and other resulting in the fear of
loving and forming close relationships and
low self-esteem

Anal stage

which deals with the inability to
recognize and express anger

Phallic stage

which deals with inability to full
accept one’s sexuality and sexual feeling,
and also to difficult in accepting oneself as a
man or woman.

Two goals of Freudian psychoanalytic

make the unconscious
conscious and to strengthen the ego so that
behavior is based more on reality and less on
instinctual cravings or irrational guilt

Transference relationship

Refers to the transfer of feelings originally
experienced in an early relationship to other
important people in a person’s present
environment

FREE ASSOCIATION

Refers to the transfer of feelings originally
experienced in an early relationship to other
important people in a person’s present
environment

ALDERIAN THERAPY

believed that the individual begins
to form an approach to life somewhere in
the first 6 years of living

ALDERIAN THERAPY

humans are motivated primarily by social relatedness
rather than by sexual urges; behavior is purposeful, and goal directed; and consciousness, more than unconscious

Individual
Psychology

From the Latin individuum, meaning invisible

Encouragement

is the most powerful method available for changing a person’s
beliefs, for it helps clients build self-confidence and stimulates

Courage

is the willingness to act even when fearful in ways that are consistent with social interest.

EXISTENTIAL THERAPY

The crucial significance of the existential
movement is that it reacts against the
tendency to identify therapy with a set of
techniques. Instead, it bases therapeutic
practice on an understanding of what it
means to be human.

The Capacity for SelfAwareness

Freedom, choice, and responsibility
constitute the foundation of self-awareness.
The greater our awareness, the greater our
possibilities for freedom

Freedom and
Responsibility

A characteristic existential theme is that
people are free to choose among
alternatives and therefore play a large role
in shaping their own destiny

Striving for Identity and
Relationship to Others

People are concerned about preserving
their uniqueness and centeredness, yet at
the same time they have an interest in going
outside of themselves to relate to other
beings and to nature.