Smalls State - good things to know

Lice/Cheyletiellosis

Sarcoptic mange

Harvest mites (chiggers)

Otoacariasis (tick or mite)

Demodicosis (demodex)

Malassezia

Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD)

Atopic Dermatitis (atopy) & Food allergy

Glucocorticoids: topical

betamethasone

Glucocorticoids: systemic: short acting

prednisone, prednisolone

ATB: G-

enrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), Gentamicin

ATB: G+

clavamox/synulox (Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid), Penicillin G, Clindamycin

Antifungal/antibact topical: (shampoo)

w/ chlorhexidine

Antifungal: topical

Ketoconazole

Antifungal: systemic

Itraconazole, fluconazole, ketaconazole

Cytokine disruptor

Apoquel

Cytokine neutraliser

Lokivetmab (cytopoint)

Decrease cytokine production: systemic

Atopica (cyclosporine)

Decrease cytokine production: topical

Tacrolimus

Antihistamine

benedryl, hypoxyzine, cyproheptadine

Antipruritic shampoo

colloidal oatmeal

Skin supplement

Omega 3 & 6 FA

Flea control: spot on

fipronil, selamectin

Flea control: shampoo

permethrin (toxic to cats), pyrethrin

Flea control: systemic

afoxolaner, fluralaner

Antiviral: herpes

Acyclovir, cidovir

drug contraindicated for ulcers

corticosteroids → speeds protease activity → worsens condition & slows healing

Glucocorticoids: systemic: long acting

dexamethasone

when is CCS contraindicated?

when their immunosuppressive affect is undesirable or causes risk → NSAIDs can usually be used instead because they do not have an immunosuppressive affect

Feline miliary dermatitis

Feline eosinophilic complex

Broad spectrum ATB (well used ones)

Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Sulfonamides

Eardrum rupture: what to know/do

DO NOT APPLY DRUGS IN CASE OF A RUPTURED EARDRUM!! Give oral ATB or oral antifungals.

Clean ear w/ warm saline only. Continue till drains clear or if drains w/ blood. Eardrum should heal on its own in 4 weeks.

If unsure because too much debris & c/n visualise tympanic membrane → rinse w/ warm saline till you can visualise structure & proceed w/ appropriate method.

Drying agents: ears

acid w/ or w/o alcohol → yeast & bacteria

salicylic acid → keratolytic agent, antimicrobial

EDTA → antimicrobial, antibiofilm

Topical antiseptic: ears

acetic acid, chlorhexidine (pseudomonas resistant)

ATB: Pseudomonas

Tobramycin

What is used to clean ears?

Carbamine peroxide (tympanic membrane intact) or warm saline (ruptured tympanic membrane/unsure of its state)

Skin adnexa

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nails.

Diseases of skin adnexa (3x)

• Sebaceous adenitis – Inflammation of sebaceous glands, w/ overproduction of sebum. Genetic. Tx: anti-seborrheic shampoo, cyclosporine, ATB.

• Supracaudal gland hyperplasia – overproduction of sebum & androgen, causes a bald spot on the tail of male dogs. 

• Claw infections:

  • Infectious: secondary bacteria, fungi. Others: endocrine disorders, allergy, auto-immune disorders, neoplasia

  • Tx: Treat underlying cause, remove all loose claws. long-term systemic ATB. Anti-fungal (itraconazole), chlorhexidine soak

Common Skin Tumours in Dogs

Lipoma: Benign fatty tumour; soft, movable lumps.

Sebaceous Gland Tumour: Benign tumour from sebaceous glands; firm nodules.

Mast Cell Tumour (MCT): Malignant; raised, firm masses that may itch.

Fibrosarcoma: Malignant tumour of fibrous tissue; irregular, infiltrative masses.

Histiocytoma: Benign, round tumour; often red and can regress.

Transmissible Venereal Tumour (TVT): Contagious malignant tumour; ulcerated masses on genitals.

Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma: Benign/malignant glandular tumours; varies in appearance.

Common Skin Tumours in Cats

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): Malignant; non-healing ulcers, often on head/ears.

Basal Cell Tumour: Typically benign; firm, round nodules.

Mast Cell Tumour: Can be benign or malignant; firm, raised lumps.

Fibrosarcoma: Malignant; infiltrative masses, often post-vaccination.

Lymphoma: Malignant; plaques or nodules on skin.

Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex: Red, itchy lesions; related to allergies.

Tumour staging

TNM

which is CCS is preferred for cats?

Prednisolone

Immunosuppressants

Azathioprine (Imuran), Cyclosporine (Atopica, Neoral), Chlorambucil (Leukeran), Cyclophosphamide

Adverse effect of prolonged steroid use:

Gastric ulcers

H2 blockers: eg + what it does

Cimetidine - blocking H2 receptors on the stomach lining, reducing the secretion of gastric acid.

Synthetic thyroid drug:

 levothyroxine (L-Thyroxine)

Anti-thyroid drugs:

Methimazole/thiamazole (Felimazole) or carbimazole (Vidalta)

Drug for: Bradycardia

atropine, glycopyrrolate

Drug for: Tachycardia

Propanolol, or. increase analgesia/anaesthesia

Drug for: Ventricular Arrhythmia

lidocaine, procainamide

Drug for: Hyperkalemia

0.9% saline, calcium gluconate

Drug for: Hypocalcemia

Calcium gluconate

Drug for: Hypoglycemia

Dextrose

Drug for: Bronchoconstriction

Terbutaline

Sedatives

Midozolam, acerpromizine, diazepam

Drug for: Cardiac Arrest

Adrenaline, atropine

Drug for: Pulmonary Arrest

Adrenaline, lignocaine (or can acupuncture GV-26 point aka nose septum)

Premedication/sedation:

medetomidine + acerpromizine + midozolam; medetomidine + butorphenol; medetomidine + butorphenol + diazepam

Induction agent: IV

Propofol (0.6 w/o premed, 0.3 w/ premed), Alfaxolone

Induction agent: gas

Isoflurane, sevoflurane

Injection anaesthesia: Barbiturates

Thiopental, pentobarbitol

Injection anaesthesia: Non-barbiturates

Propofol

Injection anaesthesia: Dissociative

Ketamine - provides analgesia & amnesia w/ retention of reflexes (laryngeal, ocular, pedal, pinnal)

Inhalation anaesthesia

Isoflurane, sevoflurane

Crystalloid fluids:

Ringer’s lactate (0.9% NaCl), KCl, Hypertonic Saline (7.2% NaCl)

Post-op Pain Meds:

Morphine, buprenorphine, fentanyl

Where is the physis? What is specific for it?

Between meta & epiphysis (growth plate). Present in young animals, not adults.

Salter Harris classification

Fracture classification

Types of Drawer tests:

Cranial & caudal

Caudal drawer test:

Proximal tibia moves caudally if rupture of CaCL

Cranial drawer test:

Proximal tibia moves cranially if rupture of CrCL

Patella Luxation Grading:

0-4

0: 0 degree;

1: 15 degrees;

2: 25 degrees;

3: till 60 degrees;

4: over 60 degrees

Hip Dysplasia Grading:

A-E;

A: normal (NA over 105), no OA (FHC: medial)

B: near normal (NA over 105), no OA, mild joint incongruency (FHC: medial or on)

C: Mild HD (NA btw 100-105), Mild OA, mild joint incongruency (FHC: on border or immediately lateral)

D: Moderate HD (NA btw 90-100), OA, joint incongruency (FHC: lateral)

E: Severe HD (NA less than 90), severe OA w/ joint deformation, severe joint incongruency (FHC: very lateral)

Chondroprotectives:

Glucosamines, hyaluronic acids,

Screening of elbow dysplasia is done according to?

International Elbow Working Group (IEWG)

Elbow dysplasia grades:

0-3

Grade 0: Normal elbows. No OA or primary lesions. 

Grade 1: Mild ED w/ osteophytes < 2mm. Sclerosis present. 

Grade 2: Moderate OA w/ osteophytes 2-5mm

Grade 3: Severe OA w/ osteophytes > 5mm or obvious UAP, FCP, OCD

Diuretic:

increase fluid excretion (urinate): Furosemide

Anti-diuretic:

decrease fluid excretion: Desmopressin, ADH

Antiemetics:

Cerenia, Maropitant

Treat metabolic acidosis:

Sodium Bi-carbonate

Hypertension drug:

Ace-inhibitors

Hypotension drug:

fluids, dopamine

Gastric acid reducing drug:

Famotidine, cimetidine

Drug against uric acid in blood:

Allopurinol - for ammonium urate & gout

Anti Seizures drugs!

• Diazepam (can give IV or per rectum in emergency / rarely occurring seizures.

• Phenobarbital (for recurring seizures). Bromide (only dog).

• Propofol – Will not stop seizure activity, but external manifestations.

• Long term Tx: Keppra (Levetiracetam)

Sedative

Diazepam

Ototoxic drug:

Aminoglycoside ATB: streptomycin/neomycin & Macrolide ATB (Erthromycin)

Anti-tussive:

Hydrocodone, Codeine, Dextromethorphan,

Bronchodilators

Theophylline, Aminophylline

Core Dog Vacc:

CDV, CPV, CAV

Lepto & Rabies core if in endemic region

Core Cat Vacc:

FPV, FHV, FCV

FeLV & Rabies core if in endemic region

Eosinophilia

Parasites, allergies

Neutrophilia + Monocytosis

Start of infection + inflammation

Lymphocytosis

Long infection

Mydriatic

tropicamide (short acting), atropine (very long acting)

Drugs: ↓ production of aqueous humour

Non-specific Beta blockers (timolol), Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide)

Drugs: ↑ outflow of aqueous humour:

Prostaglandin analogues, Parasympathomimetics (cholinergics)

Drugs: ↓ production & ↑ outflow:

Hyperosmotics: Mannitol, Epinephrine/Dipivefrin, Brimonidine (alpha-2 agonist)