References Development & Physio

dictyostelium

a cellular slime mold used as a model for the evolution of multicellularity, aggregation of single cells when starved

sea urchin

model for fertilization, invertebrate w/ similar process to vertebrates, uses external fertilization, transparent eggs & embryos, echinoderms, radial cleavage

nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)

model for invertebrate development, easily lab grown, simple transparent, only a few cell types, quick growth, sequenced genome

fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

model for invertebrate development, short generation interval, easy handling & breeding, use of large scale mutational screens, sequenced genome

frog (Xenopus laevis)

model vertebrate development, large eggs, accessible embryos, quick growth

chicken (Gallus gallus)

model vertebrate development, large eggs, easy observation & embryo removal, complex development similar to mammals (both amniotes)

Mouse (Mus musculus)

model vertebrate development, mammal, genomes sequenced, embryo in utero difficult & slow growth

Arabidopsis thaliana

model plant development, small, quick growth, 1st plant genome sequenced, developed for genetic manipulation

the Organiser Experiment 1924 by Hans Spemann & Hilde Mangold

Demonstrated induction for the 1st time, transplanted dorsal lip of blastopore in amphibian albino embryo to ventral side on another amphibian pigmented embryo, monitored subsequent development of the recipient, complete 2nd axis could be formed on ventral side of developing embryo from recipient

Von Baer’s Laws 19th century Karl Ernst Von Baer

general characteristics of a more inclusive group appear 1st those that distinguish narrower groups appear later

bicoid gene

maternal effect, needed for anterior, absence causes double posterior structures

Hox genes

homeobox genes in Drosophila

amoeba

single-celled organism

hydra

animal w/ 2 layers of cells

stomach organ organization

epithelial tissue lining, smooth muscle walls, nervous tissue controls muscle contraction & gland secretion, connective binds all tg

fibroblasts

cells in connective tissue which secrete macrophage proteins involved in the immune system

types of connective tissue fibre

collagenous provide strength & flexibility, reticular join connective to adjacent tissues, elastic stretch & snap back to their og length

major types of connective tissue

tendons fibrous tissue attach muscles to bones, ligaments connect bones at joints, bone is mineralized & forms skeleton, adipose stores fat for insulation & fuel, blood composed of blood cells & cell fragments in blood plasma, cartilage strong & flexible support material

types of vertebrate muscle tissue

skeletal or striated is responsible for voluntary movement, smooth for involuntary, cardiac for contraction of the heart

Nikolaas Tinbergen’s four questions

Causation (stimulus & mechanism), survival value (adaptive function), ontogeny (how it is built in development), phylogeny (evolutionary history)

pavlovian conditioning

Camillo Golgi

developed Golgi staining method, based on innate motivational drives, promoted ‘reticular’ theory for the continuity of brain organization

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

golgi method for detailed anatomical analysis, discovered nerve cell growth cone, developed ‘neuron’ theory for brain anatomy

glutamate

amino acid neurotransmitter

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

amino acid neurotransmitter

glycine

amino acid neurotransmitter

met-enkephalin

an endorphin, neuropeptide neurotransmitter

nitric oxide

gas neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

biogenic amine

dopamine

neurotransmitter, neuromodulator

serotonin

neurotransmitter

Phineas Gage (1823-1860)

damaged orbitofrontal cortex & amygdala

Henry Molaison (1926-2008)

epilepsy, bilateral medial temporal lobe removed, IQ normal, cause severe anterograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories, short term memory intact