Real Phonics Review

What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive language?

Prescriptive studies the rules, while descriptive analyzes cultural choices.

What are the two requirements of a sentence?

A noun phrase (subject) and a verb phrase (predicate).

What is a noun?

A person, place, thing, or idea.

What is a common noun?

A general name (e.g., teacher, book, city).

What is a possessive noun?

Shows ownership (e.g., Cedarville's, the teacher's).

What is an abstract noun?

An idea, quality, or state of being that cannot be perceived by the senses (e.g., love, honesty).

What is a proper noun?

A specific name (e.g., Dr. Brown, Bible).

What is a collective noun?

A group of nouns (e.g., teams, flocks).

What are determiners?

Words placed before nouns to clarify the noun.

What are articles?

Show whether something is specific or general (e.g., a, an, the).

What are demonstratives?

Words that point to specific things (e.g., this, that, these, those).

What are possessives?

Words that show ownership (e.g., my, your, his).

What are quantifiers?

Words that express quantity (e.g., some, many, few).

What are prepositions?

Words that show the relationship between a noun and another word in a sentence.

What is a pronoun?

A word or phrase that substitutes for a noun.

What are personal pronouns?

Refers to specific people or things (e.g., I, you, they).

What are reflective pronouns?

Refers back to the subject of the sentence (e.g., myself, yourself).

What are possessive pronouns?

Show ownership of belonging (e.g., mine, yours).

What are relative pronouns?

Connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun (e.g., who, which).

What is an adjective?

A word that modifies a noun.

What is a simple adjective?

Describes a noun (e.g., big, small).

What is a comparative adjective?

Compares one object to another (e.g., taller, bigger).

What is a superlative adjective?

Compares one object to multiple objects (e.g., tallest, biggest).

What is a verb?

A word for an action, state of being, or occurrence.

What are the types of verb tense?

Simple, irregular, progressive, perfect.

What is a modal auxiliary?

Helper verbs that support the verb phrase (e.g., can, may, must).

What is an adverb?

A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

What is a coordinating conjunction?

Connects words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance (e.g., for, and, nor).

What is a subordinating conjunction?

Links an independent clause with a dependent clause (e.g., because, although).

What is an interjection?

Words used for strong emotion or sudden feeling (e.g., Hey! Ouch!).

What is an independent clause?

Can stand alone as a sentence with a noun phrase and a verb phrase.

What is a dependent clause?

Cannot stand alone but must be attached to an independent clause to make sense.

What is a simple sentence?

One independent clause.

What is a compound sentence?

Two independent clauses joined together by a coordinating conjunction.

What is a complex sentence?

One or more dependent clauses attached to an independent clause.

-ly

in the manner of or characteristic of; Ex. quickly

-ful

full of or having; Ex. helpful

-ness

the state or quality of; Ex. kindness

-less

without; Ex. hopeless

-ment

the action or result of; Ex. enjoyment

-hood

state, condition, or group; Ex. manhood

-s

shows possession or makes a word plural; Ex. cats

-able/-ible

capable of being, fit for; Ex. accountable

-en

to make or become; Ex. brighten

-er

used to compare (for adjectives) or to indicate someone or something that performs an action (for nouns); Ex. harder

-ing

showing an ongoing action or the act of doing something; Ex. walking

-ed

forms the past tense or past participle; showing that something has already happened; Ex. happened

Derivational Suffixes

Changes its part of speech

Er, or cian, ist

people nouns

Sion, tion

thing nouns

Ment, ity

noun

Ize, ify

verb

Ly

adverb

Ar, ours, ive, al, ful

adjective

Phonological Changes

Syllabic regrouping (prefer/preference), Vowel alternation (sane/sanity), Consonant alteration (electric/electricity)

Types of Vowel Alternations

vowels can shift into any of them

E drop

Rule for adding a suffix pick me

Y to i

Rule for adding a suffix pick this one

Doubling

Rule for adding a suffix

I-connector

Creates a bridge between the base and the suffix so that it is easier to pronounce.

Morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

Morphophonemic

the English language represents both sound and meaning

Etymology

the study of the history of a language

Free morphemes

stand alone words that do not have to be combined

Content morphemes

words that carry the meaning of the sentence (i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.)

Function morphemes

words that serve a grammatical function (conjunctions, articles, pronouns, etc.)

Bound morphemes

meaningful when combined with other morphemes (can be roots or bases)

Base

any word or stem to which an affix can be added

Roots

word parts that do not stand alone (with exceptions due to the changing of the English language - port, form)

Greek combining form

Greek-based word part that combines with other parts to form whole words (i.e. cardio, psych)

Affixes

any prefix or suffix added to a word

Inflectional suffix

grammatical endings that cannot change the part of speech of the base word (ex. -ed, -s, -ing)

Derivational suffix

added to base words or often change the part of speech of the base or root

High Frequency Prefixes

Un-, re-, dis-, in-, mis-, a-, fore-, de-, pre-, en-, sub-, inter-, trans-, super-, semi-, anti-, mid-

Compound Words

Free morphemes connected to make new words

Principles of Instruction

Degree of transparency, Generativity, Complexity

Order of Instruction

1. Anglo-Saxon, 2. Latin, 3. Greek

Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, tch, or sh

Add -es (e.g., foxes)

Nouns ending with -o after a vowel

Add -s (e.g., zoos)

Nouns ending with -o after a consonant

Add -s or -es (e.g., potatoes)

Nouns ending in -f or -fe

Most just add -s (e.g., roofs); some change -f or -fe to v and then add -es (e.g., leaves)

Nouns ending in y when y is part of the vowel team

Just add -s (e.g., boys)

Nouns ending in y when y is after a consonant

Change the y to i and add -es (e.g., ladies)

Irregular plurals

Must be memorized (e.g., mouse - mice, goose - geese)

Words that are the same for singular and plural

Examples include deer and sheep

Singular possessive nouns

Add 's (e.g., the dog's bone)

Plural possessive nouns

Write the plural word and put an apostrophe after (e.g., foxes' den); if the plural does not end in s, add 's (e.g., children's room)

Past tense -ed endings

Can be pronounced as /d/, /ed/, or /t/

Past tense -ed /id/

-ed comes after a t or d (e.g., melted, rented, dreaded)

Past tense -ed /d/

-ed comes after a voiced consonant (e.g., showed, chained, played); no new syllables added

Past tense -ed /t/

-ed comes after an unvoiced consonant (e.g., blocked, masked, scoffed); no new syllable added

Present tense -ing exception

Do not change the y to i when the suffix starts with i (e.g., playing)

Doubling rule (1-1-1)

If you have 1 syllable words with 1 short vowel followed by 1 consonant, double the final consonant before vowel suffix (e.g., swimming)

Doubling words with ed or ing

Examples include mapped, hitting, plugging

More than one syllable doubling

Double when the last syllable has a short vowel sound (e.g., controlling); do not double when the last syllable has a schwa sound (e.g., happening)

British/Canadian spelling

Examples include labelled, labelling, travelled, travelling

R-controlled words

Double the r to prevent the appearance of silent e suffix sometimes (e.g., scarring, starring)

E-drop rule

Words that end in a silent e drop the e when adding a vowel suffix; exceptions include keeping the e to maintain soft consonant sounds (e.g., courageous)

Y-change rule

Change the y to i and add the suffix; exceptions include vowel team or suffix starting with i (e.g., crying, studying)

High Frequency Words

Words that appear most frequently in print (e.g., like, was, because)