IB Global Politics: Power

what is power?

the ability to influence other groups in politics to achieve outcomes

hard power

achieving aims through force

hard power and the EU and UK vs Russia

banned seaborne imports of crude oil as it was funding and enabling the invasion of ukraine

soft power

achieving aims through persuasion or influence

example of soft power- diplomatic negotiations

diplomatic negociations between P5+1 and iran on nuclear weapons

con of soft power

consistency and patience is needed

pro of soft power

attractive example for states and societies that lack democratic institutions

military power

essential for hard power, ultimate means to force

measurement of military power

number of soldiers, money spent on self defense, GDP spent

what kind of states spend a high amount of GDP on self defense

unstable states

why is military power not usefull

rise of globalization, soft power, new tech, IGO's, newer means of conflict resolutions

military power and and soft power

used for humanitarian objectives

military power can =

economic power

how can some states use economic power as hard power

sanctions

ways to measure economic power

gdp, economic growth %

structural power

states push political ideologies and framework

example of structural power

cold war

relational power

use of relationships to influence and change behavior

3 types of relational power

threats and rewards, controlling the agenda, establishing preferences

threats and rewards =

encouragement

controlling the agenda =

limitation of voice

establishing preferences =

getting them to want the same goals

social and cultural power

globalization has made it possible to export resources, connection of diverse populations around the world at a human level

cyber power

empowering groups at a state and individual level

wikileaks

leaked a large volume of US government information

resources to measure power

size of armies, economies, populations

behavioral outcomes to measure power

effect state has when using its power

distribution of power to measure power

looking at world politics as a whole, indicating stability and imbalances

realist

world is chaotic, countries must always fight for power to stay safe, countries act in their interests

liberals

countries can achieve more by working together, economic and cultural power are as important as military

rising powers include

brazil, india, china

how is USA a superpower in decline

financial crisis

who are increasing in power

terrorist and non state groups

what is sovereignty

states ability to rule itself

what do sovereign states have alot of

authority and control over what happens in borders

internal sovereignty

states governing themselves independently and having full control of their borders

external sovereignty

how states interact externally with other states and IGO's

what does state sovereignty relate to legitimacy

weather other states recognize it as a state

why may palestine not be sovereign

claims to a be a state but IGO doesn't claim it to be one but cannot be sovereign

what should sovereign states have

permanent population, defined territory and borders, effective government

who agrees on the legitimacy of state borders

United Nations

referendum

when people vote to decide on a particular subject rather than voting for an individual or political party

why would state sovereignty erode

increased globalization

realists on sovereignty being eroded

sovereignty is the most important actor in global politics

liberals on sovereignty being eroded

states cooperate and security is maximized more rather than defense

what would realists say about sovereignty

it should be defended at an absolute and is a major principle and breaching should only be if national state requires it

example of breaching sovereignty- usa

reluctant to intervene in Rwanda genocide but intervened in iran due to threat of national security

what would liberals say about sovereignty

it is important but not exclusive

most common mode of government

democracy

interdependance

when groups in global politics rely on each other, having shared interests and impact on each other

what is economic interdependence

states trade with each other and the success and failures depend on each other

political interdependence

states political decisions have an impact on other states

intergovernmental organizations

as the world becomes more globalized states have become more interdependent so there are more intergovernmental organisations

reasons for joining IGO's

-powerful states can join to persuade

-weak states can group and they get control

-resolve issues

-protection of power

how many members does the UN have

193

objectives of the UN

-promoting global peace and security

-protecting human rights

-advancing development

-tackling climate change

what do economic IGO's do

spread economic development, help states in financial difficulty, advise states on how to develop

main economic IGO's

world trade organization, international monetary fund, world bank

what is collective security of IGO's

joining to improve, protect and join

nato

made post cold war as a security alliance

hybrid IGO

have many functions

EU

complex regional hybrid, uniting enemies, encouraging integration through laws and currencies

what do liberals think about global governance

key priority allowing states to solve issues

what do realists think about global governance

national interests should be prioritizes, sometimes IGO can help

what is strategic alliance

states choosing reliable and profitable allies to achieve goals and protect interests

legitimacy

group or actions that are seen to be acceptable usually by conforming to laws or democratic principals

what does sovereignty relate to

recognition

authority doest =

legitimacy

what makes a government legitimate

if government is following constitution and will of people

how is democracy legitimate

electoral process and constitution, is legitimate is people follow rules of constitution

excecutive

produces policy ideas and implements them

legislature

votes on weather they should become laws

judiciary

ensures law is proposed and upheld

legitimate NGO's

well funded and prevalent, do things for benefit of people making them legitimate

MNC

given friendly tax making them legitimate

how can extremist groups be legitimate

gain legitimacy from people

legitimacy of actions

UN security council